References

  1. J.B. Lee, K.K. Park, H.M. Eum, C.W. Lee, Desalination of a thermal power plant wastewater by membrane capacitive deionization, Desalination, 196 (2006) 125–134.
  2. K.P. Lee, T.C. Arnot, D. Mattia, A review of reverse osmosis membrane materials for desalination—development to date and future potential, J. Membr. Sci., 370 (2011) 1–22.
  3. A.H. Galama, M. Saakes, H. Bruning, H.H.M. Rijnaarts, J.W. Post, Seawater predesalination with electrodialysis, Desalination, 342 (2014) 61–69.
  4. I.S. Al-Mutaz, I. Wazeer, Comparative performance evaluation of conventional multi-effect evaporation desalination processes, Appl. Therm. Eng., 73 (2014) 1194–1203.
  5. M.A. Shannon, P.W. Bohn, M. Elimelech, J.G. Georgiadis, B.J. Marinas, A.M. Mayes, Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades, Nature, 452 (2008) 301–310.
  6. M.A. Anderson, A.L. Cudero, J. Palma, Capacitive deionization as an electrochemical means of saving energy and delivering clean water. Comparison to present desalination practices: will it compete? Electrochim. Acta, 55 (2010) 3845–3856.
  7. J.E. Blank, G.F. Tusel, S. Nisanc, The real cost of desalted water and how to reduce it further, Desalination, 205 (2007) 298–311.
  8. H. Li, Y. Gao, L. Pan, Y. Zhang, Y. Chen, Z. Sun, Electrosorptive desalination by carbon nanotubes and nanofibres electrodes and ion-exchange membranes, Water Res., 42 (2008) 4923–4928.
  9. P.M. Biesheuvel, A. van der Wal, Membrane capacitive deionization, J. Membr. Sci., 346 (2010) 256–262.
  10. H. Li, L. Zou, Ion-exchange membrane capacitive deionization: a new strategy for brackish water desalination, Desalination, 275 (2011) 62–66.
  11. K.L. Yang, S. Yiacoumi, C. Tsouris, Monte Carlo simulations of electrical double-layer formation in nanopores, J. Chem. Phys., 117 (2002) 8499–8507.
  12. R. Zhao, O. Satpradit, H.H. Rijnaarts, P.M. Biesheuvel, A. van der Wal, Optimization of salt adsorption rate in membrane capacitive deionization, Water Res., 47 (2013) 1941–1952.
  13. P. Dlugolecki, A. van der Wal, Energy recovery in membrane capacitive deionization, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47 (2013) 4904–4910.
  14. D. Liu, K. Huang, L. Xie, H.L. Tang, Relation between operating parameters and desalination performance of capacitive deionization with activated carbon electrodes, Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol., 1 (2015) 516–522.
  15. C. Nie, L. Pan, H. Li, T. Chen, T. Lu, Z. Sun, Electrophoretic deposition of carbon nanotubes film electrodes for capacitive deionization, J. Electroanal. Chem., 666 (2012) 85–88.
  16. Y. Liu, L. Pan, T. Chen, X. Xu, T. Lu, Z. Sun, D.H.C. Chua, Porous carbon spheres via microwave-assisted synthesis for capacitive deionization, Electrochim. Acta, 151 (2015) 489–496.
  17. J.H. Lee, J.H. Choi, The production of ultrapure water by membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) technology, J. Membr. Sci., 409–410 (2012) 251–256.
  18. Y. Liu, L. Pan, X. Xu, T. Lu, Z. Sun, D.H.C. Chua, Enhanced desalination efficiency in modified membrane capacitive deionization by introducing ion-exchange polymers in carbon nanotubes electrodes, Electrochim. Acta, 130 (2014) 619–624.
  19. Y.J. Kim, J.H. Choi, Improvement of desalination efficiency in capacitive deionization using a carbon electrode coated with an ion-exchange polymer, Water Res., 44 (2010) 990–996.
  20. Y. Liu, X. Xu, T. Lu, Z. Sun, D.H.C. Chua, L. Pan, Nitrogendoped electrospun reduced graphene oxide–carbon nanofiber composite for capacitive deionization, RSC Adv., 5 (2015) 34117–34124.
  21. C. Nie, L. Pan, Y. Liu, H. Li, T. Chen, T. Lu, Z. Sun, Electrophoretic deposition of carbon nanotubes–polyacrylic acid composite film electrode for capacitive deionization, Electrochim. Acta, 66 (2012) 106–109.
  22. M. Boota, K.B. Hatzell, M. Alhabeb, E.C. Kumbur, Y. Gogotsi, Graphene-containing flowable electrodes for capacitive energy storage, Carbon, 92 (2015) 142–149.
  23. X. Xu, L. Pan, Y. Liu, T. Lu, Z. Sun, Enhanced capacitive deionization performance of graphene by nitrogen doping, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 445 (2015) 143–150.
  24. J. Kang, T. Kim, K. Jo, J. Yoon, Comparison of salt adsorption capacity and energy consumption between constant current and constant voltage operation in capacitive deionization, Desalination, 352 (2014) 52–57.
  25. Y. Zhao, Y. Wang, R. Wang, Y. Wu, S. Xu, J. Wang, Performance comparison and energy consumption analysis of capacitive deionization and membrane capacitive deionization processes, Desalination, 324 (2013) 127–133.
  26. R. Zhao, S. Porada, P.M. Biesheuvel, A. van der Wal, Energy consumption in membrane capacitive deionization for different water recoveries and flow rates, and comparison with reverse osmosis, Desalination, 330 (2013) 35–41.
  27. J.H. Choi, Comparison of constant voltage (CV) and constant current (CC) operation in the membrane capacitive deionisation process, Desal. Wat. Treat., 56 (2014) 921–928.
  28. C.H. Hou, C.Y. Huang, A comparative study of electrosorption selectivity of ions by activated carbon electrodes in capacitive deionization, Desalination, 314 (2013) 124–129.
  29. R. Zhao, S. Porada, P.M. Biesheuvel, A.V.D. Wal, Energy consumption in membrane capacitive deionization for different water recoveries and flow rates, and comparison with reverse osmosis, Desalination, 330 (2013) 35–41.
  30. P.M. Biesheuvel, M.Z. Bazant, Nonlinear dynamics of capacitive charging and desalination by porous electrodes, Phys. Rev. E: Stat. Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys., 81 (2010) 031502.
  31. B. Tansel, Significance of thermodynamic and physical characteristics on permeation of ions during membrane separation: hydrated radius, hydration free energy and viscous effects, Sep. Purif. Technol., 86 (2012) 119–126.
  32. S.K. Ji, S.J. Yi, W.R. Ji, Application of poly(vinyl alcohol) and polysulfone based ionic exchange polymers to membrane capacitive deionization for the removal of mono- and divalent salts, Sep. Purif. Technol., 157 (2016) 45–52.