References

  1. E.A. Vik, D.A. Carlson, A.S. Eikum, E.T. Gjessing, Electrocoagulation of potable water, Water Res., 18 (1984) 1355–1360.
  2. D. Ghernaout, A. Badis, B. Ghernaout, A. Kellil, Application of electrocoagulation in Escherichia Coli culture and two surface waters, Desalination, 219 (2008) 118–125.
  3. D. Ghernaout, Microorganisms’ electrochemical disinfection phenomena, EC Microbiol., 9 (2017) 160–169.
  4. D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, From chemical disinfection to electrodisinfection: The obligatory itinerary?, Desal. Water Treat., 16 (2010) 156–175.
  5. D. Ghernaout, M.W. Naceur, A. Aouabed, On the dependence of chlorine by-products generated species formation of the electrode material and applied charge during electrochemical water treatment, Desalination, 270 (2011) 9–22.
  6. D. Ghernaout, Advanced oxidation phenomena in electrocoagulation process: A myth or a reality?, Desal. Water Treat., 51 (2013) 7536–7554.
  7. A. Medel, J.A. Ramírez, J. Cárdenas, I. Sirés, Y. Meas, Evaluating the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical production of hydroxyl radical during electrocoagulation process, Sep. Purif. Technol., (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur. 2018.05.021.
  8. D. Ghernaout, Water reuse (WR): The ultimate and vital solution for water supply issues, Intern. J. Sustain. Develop. Res., 3 (2017) 36–46.
  9. D. Ghernaout, Increasing trends towards drinking water reclamation from treated wastewater, World J. Appl. Chem., 3 (2018) 1–9.
  10. S. Cotillas, J. Llanos, K. Castro-Ríos, G. Taborda-Ocampo, M.A. Rodrigo, P. Cañizares, Synergistic integration of sonochemical and electrochemical disinfection with DSA anodes, Chemosphere, 163 (2016) 562–568.
  11. K.G.N. Nanayakkara, Y.-M. Zheng, A.K.M.K. Alam, S. Zou, J.P. Chen, Electrochemical disinfection for ballast water management: Technology development and risk assessment, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 63 (2011) 119–123.
  12. E. Lacasa, E. Tsolaki, Z. Sbokou, M. Andrés Rodrigo, D. Mantzavinos, E. Diamadopoulos, Electrochemical disinfection of simulated ballast water on conductive diamond electrodes, Chem. Eng. J., 223 (2013) 516–523.
  13. D. Belhout, D. Ghernaout, S. Djezzar-Douakh, A. Kellil, Electrocoagulation of Ghrib dam’s water (Algeria) in batch using iron electrodes, Desal. Water Treat., 16 (2010) 1–9.
  14. G.W. Fuqua, A comparative review of water disinfection methods appropriate for developing countries and their efficacy, cost-efficiency, and usability, Master Thesis, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas, 2010.
  15. H.C. Flemming, Biofouling in water systems - cases, causes and countermeasures, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 59 (2002) 629–640.
  16. F. López-Gálvez, G.D. Posada-Izquierdo, M.V. Selma, F. Pérez-Rodríguez, J. Gobet, M.I. Gil, A. Allende, Electrochemical disinfection: An efficient treatment to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 in process wash water containing organic matter, Food Microbiol., 30 (2012) 146–156.
  17. Ż. Król, A. Jarmoluk, The effects of using a direct electric current on the chemical properties of gelatine gels and bacterial growth, J. Food Eng., 170 (2016) 1–7.
  18. S. Nicolas, L. Guihard, A. Marchand, B. Bariou, A. Amrane, A. Mazighi, N. Mameri, A. El Midaoui, Defluoridation of brackish northern Sahara groundwater — Activity product calculations in order to optimize pretreatment before reverse osmosis, Desalination, 256 (2010) 9–15.
  19. E. Łaskawiec, M. Dudziak, J. Wyczarska-Kokot, Ultrafiltration for purification and treatment of water streams in swimming pool circuits, J. Ecol. Eng., 19 (2018) 38–44.
  20. G. Patermarakis, E. Fountoukidis, Disinfection of water by electrochemical treatment, Water Res., 24 (1990) 1491–1496.
  21. C. Feng, K. Suzuki, S. Zhao, N. Sugiura, S. Shimada, T. Maekawa, Water disinfection by electrochemical treatment, Bioresour. Technol., 94 (2004) 21–25.
  22. C.A. Martínez-Huitle, E. Brillas, Electrochemical alternatives for drinking water disinfection, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 47 (2008) 1998–2005.
  23. M. Okochi, N. Nakamura, T. Matsunaga, Electrochemical killing of microorganisms using the oxidized form of ferrocenemonocarboxylic acid, Electrochim. Acta, 44 (1999) 3795– 3799.
  24. W.T. Mook, M.K. Aroua, G. Issabayeva, Prospective applications of renewable energy based electrochemical systems in wastewater treatment: A review, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 38 (2014) 36–46.
  25. J.C. Harper, P.A. Christensen, T.A. Egerton, T.P. Curtis, J. Gunlazuardi, Effect of catalyst type on the kinetics of the photoelectrochemical disinfection of water inoculated with E. coli, J. Appl. Electrochem., 31 (2001) 623–628.
  26. F. Rahmawati, T. Kusumaningsih, A.M. Hapsari, A. Hastuti, Ag and Cu loaded on TiO2/graphite as a catalyst for Escherichia coli-contaminated water disinfection, Chem. Pap., 64 (2010) 557–565.
  27. S. Ghasemian, B. Asadishad, S. Omanovic, N. Tufenkji, Electrochemical disinfection of bacteria-laden water using antimony-doped tin-tungsten-oxide electrodes, Water Res., 126 (2017) 299–307.
  28. H. Bergmann, S. Koparal, The formation of chlorine dioxide in the electrochemical treatment of drinking water for disinfection, Electrochim. Acta, 50 (2005) 5218–5228.
  29. R. Chand, D.H. Bremner, K.C. Namkung, P.J. Collier, P.R. Gogate, Water disinfection using the novel approach of ozone and a liquid whistle reactor, Biochem. Eng. J., 35 (2007) 357–364.
  30. A. Kraft, M. Stadelmann, M. Blaschke, D. Kreysig, B. Sandt, F. Schröder, J. Rennau, Electrochemical water disinfection Part I: Hypochlorite production from very dilute chloride solutions, J. Appl. Electrochem., 29 (1999) 859–866.
  31. K. Rajeshwar, J.G. Ibanez, Environmental electrochemistry: Fundamentals and applications in pollution abatement, Academic Press, San Diego, 1997.
  32. D. Ghernaout, S. Moulay, N. AitMessaoudene, M. Aichouni, M.W. Naceur, A. Boucherit, Coagulation and chlorination of NOM and algae in water treatment: A review, Intern. J. Environ. Monit. Analy., 2 (2014) 23–34.
  33. D. Ghernaout, Water treatment chlorination: An updated mechanistic insight review, Chem. Res. J., 2 (2017) 125–138.
  34. R.K. Sharma, S. Gulati, A. Puri, Green chemistry solutions to water pollution (Ch. 3), Water Reclamation and Sustainability, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-411645-0.00003-1 57, Elsevier Inc., 2014.
  35. D. Ghernaout, Disinfection and DBPs removal in drinking water treatment: A perspective for a green technology, Int. J. Adv. Appl. Sci., 5 (2018) 108–117.
  36. B. Ghernaout, D. Ghernaout, A. Saiba, Algae and cyanotoxins removal by coagulation/flocculation: A review, Desal. Water Treat., 20 (2010) 133–143.
  37. B. Xu, C. Qin, C.-Y. Hu, Y.-L. Lin, S.-J. Xia, Q. Xu, S.A. Mwakagenda, X. Bi, N.-Y. Gao, Degradation kinetics and N-Nitrosodimethylamine formation during monochloramination of chlortoluron, Sci. Total Environ., 417–418 (2012) 241–247.
  38. I.C.C.P. Gusmão, P.B. Moraes, E.D. Bidoia, Studies on the electrochemical disinfection of water containing Escherichia coli using a dimensionally stable anode, Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 53 (2010) 1235–1244.
  39. P. Andrzejewski, B. Kasprzyk-Hordern, J. Nawrocki, The hazard of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation during water disinfection with strong oxidants, Desalination, 176 (2005) 37–45.
  40. U. Szewzyk, R. Szewzyk, W. Manz, K.-H. Schleifer, Microbiological safety of drinking water, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 54 (2000) 81–127.
  41. J. Jeong, J.Y. Kim, M. Cho, W. Choi, J. Yoon, Inactivation of Escherichia coli in the electrochemical disinfection process using a Pt anode, Chemosphere, 67 (2007) 652–659.
  42. M.I. Kerwick, S.M. Reddy, A.H.L. Chamberlain, D.M. Holt, Electrochemical disinfection, an environmentally acceptable method of drinking water disinfection?, Electrochim. Acta, 50 (2005) 5270–5277.
  43. H. Li, X. Zhu, J. Ni, Comparison of electrochemical method with ozonation, chlorination and monochloramination in drinking water disinfection, Electrochim. Acta, 56 (2011) 9789–9796.
  44. H.F. Diao, X.Y. Li, J.D. Gu, H.C. Shi, Z.M. Xie, Electron microscopic investigation of the bactericidal action of electrochemical disinfection in comparison with chlorination, ozonation and Fenton reaction, Process Biochem., 39 (2004) 1421–1426.
  45. K.P. Drees, M. Abbaszadegan, R.M. Maier, Comparative electrochemical inactivation of bacteria and bacteriophage, Water Res., 37 (2003) 2291–2300.
  46. Y. Long, J. Ni, Z. Wang, Subcellular mechanism of Escherichia coli inactivation during electrochemical disinfection with boron-doped diamond anode: a comparative study of three electrolytes, Water Res., 84 (2015) 198–206.
  47. M. Mascia, A. Vacca, S. Palmas, Electrochemical treatment as a pre-oxidative step for algae removal using Chlorella vulgaris as a model organism and BDD anodes, Chem. Eng. J., 219 (2013) 512–519.
  48. T. Matsunaga, S. Nakasono, T. Takamuku, J.G. Burgess, N. Nakamura, K. Sode, Disinfection of drinking water by using a novel electrochemical reactor employing carbon-cloth electrodes, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 58 (1992) 686–689.
  49. T. Matsunaga, M. Okochi, M. Takahashi, T. Nakayama, H. Wake, N. Nakamura, TiN electrode reactor for disinfection of drinking water, Water Res., 34 (2000) 3117–3122.
  50. T. Grahl, H. Märkl, Killing of microorganisms by pulsed electric fields, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 45 (1996) 148–157.
  51. Á. Anglada, A. Urtiaga, I. Ortiz, Contributions of electrochemical oxidation to waste-water treatment: fundamentals and review of applications, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 84 (2009) 1747–1755.
  52. X. Huang, Y. Qu, C.A. Cid, C. Finke, M.R. Hoffmann, K. Lim, S.C. Jiang, Electrochemical disinfection of toilet wastewater using wastewater electrolysis cell, Water Res., 92 (2016) 164– 172.
  53. A.M. Polcaro, A. Vacca, M. Mascia, S. Palmas, R. Pompei, S. Laconi, Characterization of a stirred tank electrochemical cell for water disinfection processes, Electrochim. Acta, 52 (2007) 2595–2602.
  54. A. Kraft, Electrochemical water disinfection: a short review. Platin. Met. Rev., 52 (2008) 177–185.
  55. S.N. Hussain, N. de las Heras, H.M.A. Asghar, N.W. Brown, E.P.L. Roberts, Disinfection of water by adsorption combined with electrochemical treatment, Water Res., 54 (2014) 170–178.
  56. M.N. Saprykina, A new design of the electrocoagulation apparatus for removal of micromycetes from water, J. Water Chem. Technol., 34 (2012) 240–245.
  57. F. Senghor, P. Drogui, B. Seyhi, A combined electrocoagulation-electroperoxidation process for the tertiary treatment of domestic wastewaters, Water Air Soil Pollut., 226 (2015) 373–384.
  58. D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, M.W. Naceur, Embodying the chemical water treatment in the green chemistry – A review, Desalination, 271 (2011) 1–10.
  59. D. Ghernaout, A. Alghamdi, M. Touahmia, M. Aichouni, N. AitMessaoudene, Nanotechnology phenomena in the light of the solar energy, J. Energ. Environ. Chem. Eng., 3 (2018) 1–8.
  60. V.M. Gómez-López, M.I. Gil, L. Pupunat, A. Allende, Cross-contamination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 is inhibited by electrolyzed water combined with salt under dynamic conditions of increasing organic matter, Food Microbiol., 46 (2015) 471–478.
  61. W. Liang, J. Qu, L. Chen, H. Liu, P. Lei, Inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa by continuous electrochemical cycling process in tube using Ti/RuO2 electrodes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39 (2005) 4633–4639.
  62. M. Panizza, G. Cerisola, Application of diamond electrodes to electrochemical processes, Electrochim. Acta, 51 (2005) 191–199.
  63. K. Govindan, A. Angelin, M. Rangarajan, Critical evaluation of mechanism responsible for biomass abatement during electrochemical coagulation (EC) process: A critical review, J. Environ. Manag., 227 (2018) 335–353.
  64. F. Duan, Y. Li, H. Cao, Y. Wang, J.C. Crittenden, Y. Zhang, Activated carbon electrodes: Electrochemical oxidation coupled with desalination for wastewater treatment, Chemosphere, 125 (2015) 205–211.
  65. S. Garcia-Segura, J.D. Ocon, M.N. Chong, Electrochemical oxidation remediation of real wastewater effluents — A review, Process Saf. Environ., 113 (2018) 48–67.
  66. D. Ghernaout, Magnetic field generation in the water treatment perspectives: An overview, Int. J. Adv. Appl. Sci., 5 (2018) 193–203.
  67. D. Ghernaout, M. Aichouni, A. Alghamdi, Applying Big Data (BD) in water treatment industry: A new era of advance, Int. J. Adv. Appl. Sci., 5 (2018) 89–97.
  68. D. Ghernaout, M.W. Naceur, Ferrate(VI): In situ generation and water treatment – A review, Desal. Water Treat., 30 (2011) 319–332.
  69. P. Drogui, S. Elmaleh, M. Rumeau, C. Bernard, A. Rambaud, Oxidising and disinfecting by hydrogen peroxide produced in a two-electrode cell, Water Res., 35 (2001) 3235–3241.
  70. I.M. Butterfield, P.A. Christensen, T.P. Curtis, J. Gunlazuardi, Water disinfection using an immobilized titanium dioxide film in a photochemical reactor with electric field enhancement, Water Res., 31 (1997) 675–677.
  71. Y. Feng, L. Yang, J. Liu, B.E. Logan, Electrochemical technologies for wastewater treatment and resource reclamation, Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol., 2 (2016) 800–831.
  72. J. Llanos, S. Cotillas, P. Cañizares, M.A. Rodrigo, Effect of bipolar electrode material on the reclamation of urban wastewater by an integrated electrodisinfection/electrocoagulation process, Water Res., 53 (2014) 329–338.
  73. M. Mascia, S. Monasterio, A. Vacca, S. Palmas, Electrochemical treatment of water containing Microcystis aeruginosain a fixed bed reactor with three-dimensional conductive diamond anodes, J. Hazard. Mater., 319 (2016) 111–120.
  74. M. Rajab, C. Heim, T. Letzel, J.E. Drewes, B. Helmreich, Electrochemical disinfection using boron-doped diamond electrode – The synergetic effects of in situ ozone and free chlorine generation, Chemosphere, 121 (2015) 47–53.
  75. R.J. Watts, D.D. Finn, M.S. Wyeth, A.L. Teel, Performance comparison of tin oxide anodes to commercially available dimensionally stable anodes, Water Environ. Res., 80 (2008) 490–496.
  76. Q. Fang, C. Shang, G. Chen, MS2 inactivation by chloride-assisted electrochemical disinfection, J. Environ. Eng., 132 (2006) 13–22.
  77. H. Bergmann, A.T. Koparal, A.S. Koparal, F. Ehrig, The influence of products and by-products obtained by drinking water electrolysis on microorganisms, Microchem. J., 89 (2008) 98–107.
  78. S. Palmas, A.M. Polcaro, A. Vacca, M. Mascia, F. Ferrara, Characterization of boron doped diamond during oxidation processes: relationship between electronic structure and electrochemical activity, J. Appl. Electrochem., 37 (2007) 63–70.
  79. S. Cotillas, J. Llanos, P. Cañizares, S. Mateo, M.A. Rodrigo, Optimization of an integrated electrodisinfection/electrocoagulation process with Al bipolar electrodes for urban wastewater reclamation, Water Res., 47 (2013) 1741–1750.
  80. J. Jeong, J.Y. Kim, J. Yoon, The role of reactive oxygen species in the electrochemical inactivation of microorganisms, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40 (2006) 6117–6122.
  81. T. Tanaka, M. Shimoda, N. Shionoiri, M. Hosokawa, T. Taguchi, H. Wake, T. Matsunaga, Electrochemical disinfection of fish pathogens in seawater without the production of a lethal concentration of chlorine using a flow reactor, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 116 (2013) 480–484.
  82. K. Shang, Z. Qiao, B. Sun, X. Fan, S. Ai, An efficient electrochemical disinfection of E. coli and S. aureus in drinking water using ferrocene–PAMAM–multiwalled carbon nanotubes–chitosan nanocomposite modified pyrolytic graphite electrode, J. Solid State Electrochem., 17 (2013) 1685–1691.
  83. C. Bruguera-Casamada, I. Sirés, M.J. Prieto, E. Brillas, R.M. Araujo, The ability of electrochemical oxidation with a BDD anode to inactivate Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in low conductivity sulfate medium, Chemosphere, 163 (2016) 516–524.
  84. C. An, G. Huang, Y. Yao, S. Zhao, Emerging usage of electrocoagulation technology for oil removal from wastewater: A review, Sci. Total Environ., 579 (2017) 537–556.
  85. J.N. Hakizimana, B. Gourich, M. Chafi, Y. Stiriba, C. Vial, P. Drogui, J. Naja, Electrocoagulation process in water treatment: A review of electrocoagulation modeling approaches, Desalination, 404 (2017) 1–21.
  86. P.K. Holt, Electrocoagulation: Unraveling and synthesizing the mechanisms behind a water treatment process, The University of Sydney, 2002 (Thesis report).
  87. D.T. Moussa, M.H. El-Naas, M. Nasser, M.J. Al-Marri, A comprehensive review of electrocoagulation for water treatment: Potentials and challenges, J. Environ. Manag., 186 (2017) 24–41.
  88. D. Ghernaout, Electrocoagulation process: Achievements and green perspectives, Colloid Surface Sci., 3 (2018) 1–5.
  89. F. Ulu, S. Barişçi, M. Kobya, M. Sillanpää, An evaluation on different origins of natural organic matters using various anodes by electrocoagulation, Chemosphere, 125 (2015) 108–114.
  90. M.B. Carboneras, P. Cañizares, M.A. Rodrigo, J. Villaseñor, F.J. Fernandez-Morales, Improving biodegradability of soil washing effluents using anodic oxidation, Bioresour. Technol., 252 (2018) 1–6.
  91. F.U. Kac, M. Kobya, E. Gengec, Removal of humic acid by fixed-bed electrocoagulation reactor: Studies on modelling, adsorption kinetics and HPSEC analyses, J. Electroanalyt. Chem., 804 (2017) 199–211.
  92. S. Chellam, M.A. Sari, Aluminum electrocoagulation as pretreatment during microfiltration of surface water containing NOM: A review of fouling, NOM, DBP, and virus control, J. Hazard. Mater., 304 (2016) 490–501.
  93. D. Ghernaout, M.W. Naceur, B. Ghernaout, A review of electrocoagulation as a promising coagulation process for improved organic and inorganic matters removal by electrophoresis and electroflotation, Desal. Water Treat., 28 (2011) 287–320.
  94. G.Z. Kyzas, K.A. Matis, Electroflotation process: A review, J. Mol. Liq., 220 (2016) 657–664.
  95. D. Ghernaout, C. Benblidia, F. Khemici, Microalgae removal from Ghrib Dam (Ain Defla, Algeria) water by electroflotation using stainless steel electrodes, Desal. Water Treat., 54 (2015) 3328–3337.
  96. D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, A. Saiba, A. Boucherit, A. Kellil, Removal of humic acids by continuous electromagnetic treatment followed by electrocoagulation in batch using aluminium electrodes, Desalination, 239 (2009) 295–308.
  97. D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, A. Boucherit, Effect of pH on electrocoagulation of bentonite suspensions in batch using iron electrodes, J. Disper. Sci. Technol., 29 (2008) 1272–1275.
  98. D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, A. Kellil, Natural organic matter removal and enhanced coagulation as a link between coagulation and electrocoagulation, Desal. Water Treat., 2 (2009) 209–228.
  99. D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, A. Boucherit, M.W. Naceur, A. Khelifa, A. Kellil, Study on mechanism of electrocoagulation with iron electrodes in idealised conditions and electrocoagulation of humic acids solution in batch using aluminium electrodes, Desal. Water Treat., 8 (2009) 91–99.
  100. A. Saiba, S. Kourdali, B. Ghernaout, D. Ghernaout, In Desalination, from 1987 to 2009, the birth of a new seawater pretreatment process: Electrocoagulation-an overview, Desal. Water Treat., 16 (2010) 201–217.
  101. D. Ghernaout, A. Mariche, B. Ghernaout, A. Kellil, Electromagnetic treatment-bi-electrocoagulation of humic acid in continuous mode using response surface method for its optimization and application on two surface waters, Desal. Water Treat., 22 (2010) 311–329.
  102. D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, On the controversial effect of sodium sulphate as supporting electrolyte on electrocoagulation process: A review, Desal. Water Treat., 27 (2011) 243–254.
  103. S. Irki, D. Ghernaout, M.W. Naceur, Decolourization of Methyl Orange (MO) by electrocoagulation (EC) using iron electrodes under a magnetic field (MF), Desal. Water Treat., 79 (2017) 368–377.
  104. D. Ghernaout, S. Irki, A. Boucherit, Removal of Cu2+ and Cd2+, and humic acid and phenol by electrocoagulation using iron electrodes, Desal. Water Treat., 52 (2014) 3256–3270.
  105. D. Ghernaout, A.I. Al-Ghonamy, M.W. Naceur, N. AitMessaoudene, M. Aichouni, Influence of operating parameters on electrocoagulation of C.I. disperse yellow 3, J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng., 4 (2014) 271–283.
  106. D. Ghernaout, A.I. Al-Ghonamy, S. Irki, A. Grini, M.W. Naceur, N. Ait Messaoudene, M. Aichouni, Decolourization of bromophenol blue by electrocoagulation process, Trends Chem. Eng., 15 (2014) 29–39.
  107. D. Ghernaout, A.I. Al-Ghonamy, N. AitMessaoudene, M. Aichouni, M.W. Naceur, F.Z. Benchelighem, A. Boucherit, Electrocoagulation of Direct Brown 2 (DB) and BF Cibacete Blue (CB) using aluminum electrodes, Sep. Sci. Technol., 50 (2015) 1413–1420.
  108. I. Linares-Hernández, C.B. Díaz, M.V. Cerecero, P.T.A. Sánchez, M.C. Juárez, V.L. Lugo, Soft drink wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation–electrooxidation processes, Environ. Technol., 38 (2017) 433–442.
  109. H. Liu, X. Zhao, J. Qu, Electrocoagulation in water treatment (ch. 10), C. Comninellis, G. Chen (Eds.), Electrochemistry for the Environment, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2010.
  110. O. Sahu, B. Mazumdar, P.K. Chaudhari, Treatment of wastewater by electrocoagulation: a review, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 21 (2014) 2397–2413.
  111. V. Kuokkanen, T. Kuokkanen, J. Rämö, U. Lassi, Electrocoagulation treatment of peat bog drainage water containing humic substances, Water Res., 79 (2015) 79–87.
  112. L. Xu, G. Cao, X. Xu, S. Liu, Z. Duan, C. He, Y. Wang, Q. Huang, Simultaneous removal of cadmium, zinc and manganese using electrocoagulation: Influence of operating parameters and electrolyte nature, J. Environ. Manag., 204 (2017) 394–403.
  113. K.L. Dubrawski, M. Mohseni, In-situ identification of iron electrocoagulation speciation and application for natural organic matter (NOM) removal, Water Res., 47 (2013) 5371– 5380.
  114. F.L Souza, S. Cotillas, C. Saéz, P. Cañizares, M.R.V. Lanza, A. Seco, M.A. Rodrigo, Removal of algae from biological cultures: a challenge for electrocoagulation?, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 91 (2016) 82–87.
  115. J. Jeong, C. Kim, J. Yoon, The effect of electrode material on the generation of oxidants and microbial inactivation in the electrochemical disinfection processes, Water Res., 43 (2009) 895–901.
  116. S.S. Gao, M.A. Du, J.Y. Tian, J.Y. Yang, J.X. Yang, F. Ma, J. Nan, Effects of chloride ions on electro-coagulation-flotation process with aluminum electrodes for algae removal, J. Hazard. Mater., 182 (2010) 827–834.
  117. E. Anfruns-Estrada, C. Bruguera-Casamada, H. Salvadó, E. Brillas, I. Sirés, R.M. Araujo, Inactivation of microbiota from urban wastewater by single and sequential electrocoagulation and electro-Fenton treatments, Water Res., 126 (2017) 450–459.
  118. S. Barişçi, O. Turkay, Domestic greywater treatment by electrocoagulation using hybrid electrode combinations, J. Water Process Eng., 10 (2016) 56–66.
  119. J. Kim, B.-G. Ryu, B.-K. Kim, J.-I. Han, J.-W. Yang, Continuous microalgae recovery using electrolysis with polarity exchange, Bioresour. Technol., 111 (2012) 268–275.
  120. B. Zhu, D.A. Clifford, S. Chellam, Comparison of electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation pretreatment for enhanced virus removal using microfiltration membranes, Water Res., 39 (2005) 3098–3108.
  121. C.T. Tanneru, S. Chellam, Mechanisms of virus control during iron electrocoagulation—microfiltration of surface water, Water Res., 46 (2012) 2111–2120.
  122. D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, Sweep flocculation as a second form of charge neutralisation – A review, Desal. Water Treat., 44 (2012) 15–28.
  123. C. Delaire, C.M. van Genuchten, K.L. Nelson, S.E. Amrose, A.J. Gadgil, E. coli attenuation by Fe electrocoagulation in synthetic bengal groundwater: effect of pH and natural organic matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49 (2015) 9945–9953.
  124. C. Noubactep, On the mechanism of microbe inactivation by metallic iron, J. Hazard. Mater., 198 (2011) 383–386.
  125. J.Y. Kim, C. Lee, D.C. Love, D.L. Sedlak, J. Yoon, K.L. Nelson, Inactivation of MS2 coliphage by ferrous ion and zero-valent iron nanoparticles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45 (2011) 6978–6984.
  126. J.N. Hakizimana, N. Najid, B. Gourich, C. Vial, Y. Stiriba, J. Naja, Hybrid electrocoagulation/electroflotation/electrodisinfection process as a pretreatment for seawater desalination, Chem. Eng. Sci., 170 (2017) 530–541.
  127. J.N. Hakizimana, B. Gourich, Ch. Vial, P. Drogui, A. Oumani, J. Naja, L. Hilali, Assessment of hardness, microorganism and organic matter removal from seawater by electrocoagulation as a pretreatment of desalination by reverse osmosis, Desalination, 393 (2016) 90–101.
  128. M. Kobya, F. Ulu, U. Gebologlu, E. Demirbas, M.S. Oncel, Treatment of potable water containing low concentration of arsenic with electrocoagulation: Different connection modes and Fe–Al electrodes, Sep. Purif. Technol., 77 (2011) 283–293.
  129. C.T. Tanneru, J.D. Rimer, S. Chellam, Sweep flocculation and adsorption of viruses on aluminum flocs during electrochemical treatment prior to surface water microfiltration, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47 (2013) 4612–4618.
  130. L. Gutierrez, T.H. Nguyen, Interactions between Rotavirus and Suwannee River Organic Matter: Aggregation, deposition, and adhesion force measurement, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46 (2012) 8705–8713.
  131. D. Ghernaout, A. Badis, G. Braikia, N. Matâam, M. Fekhar, B. Ghernaout, A. Boucherit, Enhanced coagulation for algae removal in a typical Algeria water treatment plant, Environ. Eng. Manag. J., 16 (2017) 2303–2315.
  132. D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, On the concept of the future drinking water treatment plant: Algae harvesting from the algal biomass for biodiesel production––A Review, Desal. Water Treat., 49 (2012) 1–18.
  133. C.T. Tanneru, J. Narayanan, V.R. Hill, S. Chellam, Relative insignificance of virus inactivation during aluminum electrocoagulation of saline waters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48 (2014) 14590–14598.
  134. S. Garcia-Segura, M.M.S.G. Eiband, J.V. de Melo, C.A. Martínez-Huitle, Electrocoagulation and advanced electrocoagulation processes: A general review about the fundamentals, emerging applications and its association with other technologies, J. Electroanalyt. Chem., 801 (2017) 267–299.
  135. C.-C. He, C.-Y. Hu, S.-L. Lo, Integrating chloride addition and ultrasonic processing with electrocoagulation to remove passivation layers and enhance phosphate removal, Sep. Purif. Technol., 201 (2018) 148–155.
  136. C. Delaire, C.M. van Genuchten, S.E. Amrose, A.J. Gadgil, Bacteria attenuation by iron electrocoagulation governed by interactions between bacterial phosphate groups and Fe(III) precipitates, Water Res., 103 (2016) 74–82.
  137. Ö. Gökkuş, Y.Ş. Yildiz, Application of electrocoagulation for treatment of medical waste sterilization plant wastewater and optimization of the experimental conditions, Clean Techn. Environ. Policy, 17 (2015) 1717–1725.
  138. A.C. Ndjomgoue-Yossa, C.P. Nanseu-Njiki, I.M. Kengne, E. Ngameni, Effect of electrode material and supporting electrolyte on the treatment of water containing Escherichia coli by electrocoagulation, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 12 (2015) 2103–2110.
  139. N. Boudjema, N. Drouiche, N. Abdi, H. Grib, H. Lounici, A. Pauss, N. Mameri, Treatment of Oued El Harrach river water by electrocoagulation noting the effect of the electric field on microorganisms, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. E., 45 (2014) 1564–1570.
  140. U. Zimmermann, J. Schulz, G. Pilwat, Transcellular ion in Escherichia coli B and electrical sizing of bacteria, Biophys. J., 13 (1973) 1005–1013.
  141. L. Zaleschi, C. Sáez, P. Cañizares, I. Cretescu, M.A. Rodrigo, Electrochemical coagulation of treated wastewaters for reuse, Desal. Water Treat., 51 (2013) 3381–3388.
  142. D.-D. Nguyen, S.-D. Kim, Y.-S. Yoon, Enhanced phosphorus and COD removals for retrofit of existing sewage treatment by electrocoagulation process with cylindrical aluminum electrodes, Desal. Water Treat., 52 (2014) 2388–2399.
  143. A.H. El-Shazly, Investigation for the possibility of nitrogen removal from industrial effluent of bone glue industry using a batch electrocoagulation unit with monopolar horizontal electrodes, Desal. Water Treat., 25 (2011) 31–38.
  144. A. Attour, N. Ben Grich, M.M. Tlili, M. Ben Amor, F. Lapicque, J.-P. Leclerc, Intensification of phosphate removal using electrocoagulation treatment by continuous pH adjustment and optimal electrode connection mode, Desal. Water Treat., 57 (2016) 13255–13262.
  145. M. Nasr, M. Ateia, K. Hassan, Artificial intelligence for greywater treatment using electrocoagulation process, Sep. Sci. Technol., 51 (2016) 96–105.
  146. K.A. Vakil, M.K. Sharma, A. Bhatia, A.A. Kazmi, S. Sarkar, Characterization of greywater in an Indian middle-class household and investigation of physicochemical treatment using electrocoagulation, Sep. Purif. Technol., 130 (2014) 160– 166.
  147. J. Llanos, S. Cotillas, P. Cañizares, M.A. Rodrigo, Electrocoagulation as a key technique in the integrated urban water cycle – A case study in the centre of Spain, Urban Water J., 14 (2017) 650–654.
  148. H. Moreno, J.R. Parga, A.J. Gomes, M. Rodríguez, Electrocoagulation treatment of municipal wastewater in Torreon Mexico, Desal. Water Treat., 51 (2013) 2710–2717.
  149. C. Ricordel, C. Miramon, D. Hadjiev, A. Darchen, Investigations of the mechanism and efficiency of bacteria abatement during electrocoagulation using aluminum electrode, Desal. Water Treat., 52 (2014) 5380–5389.
  150. A.K. Chopra, A.K. Sharma, Disinfection of biologically treated municipal wastewater using electrochemical process, Sep. Sci. Technol., 49 (2014) 2613–2619.
  151. N. Boudjema, N. Drouiche, M. Kherat, N. Mameri, Wastewater disinfection by electrocoagulation process and its interaction with abiotic parameters, Desal. Water Treat., 57 (2016) 28151–28159.
  152. C.E. Barrera-Díaz, B.A. Frontana-Uribe, G. Roa-Morales, B.W. Bilyeu, Reduction of pollutants and disinfection of industrial wastewater by an integrated system of copper electrocoagulation and electrochemically generated hydrogen peroxide, J. Environ. Sci. Heal. A, 50 (2015) 406–413.
  153. C. Delaire, Improving access to safe water in West Bengal, India: From Arsenic and bacteria removal to household behavior change, PhD Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2016.
  154. E.M. Symonds, M.M. Cook, S.M. McQuaig, R.M. Ulrich, R.O. Schenck, J.O. Lukasik, E.S. Van Vleet, M. Breitbart, Reduction of nutrients, microbes, and personal care products in domestic wastewater by a benchtop electrocoagulation unit, Sci. Rep.-UK, 5 (2015) 9380, DOI: 10.1038/srep09380.
  155. D. Mills, A new process for electrocoagulation, J. Am. Water Works Ass., 92 (2000) 34–43.
  156. M. Sillanpää, M.C. Ncibi, A. Matilainen, Critical evaluation of mechanism responsible for biomass abatement during electrochemical coagulation (EC) process: A critical review, J. Environ. Manag., 208 (2018) 56–76.
  157. S. Cotillas, J. Llanos, K. Castro-Ríos, G. Taborda-Ocampo, M.A. Rodrigo, P. Cañizares, Synergistic integration of sonochemical and electrochemical disinfection with DSA anodes, Chemosphere, 163 (2016) 562–568.
  158. S. Cotillas, J. Llanos, O.G. Miranda, G.C. Díaz-Trujillo, P. Cañizares, M.A. Rodrigo, Coupling UV irradiation and electrocoagulation for reclamation of urban wastewater, Electrochim. Acta, 140 (2014) 396–403.
  159. S. Cotillas, P. Cañizares, M.J. Martín de Vidales, C. Sáez, M.A. Rodrigo, J. Llanos, Electrocoagulation-UV irradiation process for urban wastewater reuse, Chem. Eng. Trans., 41 (2014) 133–138.
  160. S. Cotillas, J. Llanos, M.A. Rodrigo, P. Cañizares, Use of carbon felt cathodes for the electrochemical reclamation of urban treated wastewaters, Appl. Catal. B-Environ., 162 (2015) 252–259.