References

  1. WHO, Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: Second Addendum, Vol. 1, Recommendations, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2008.
  2. M.A. Montgomery, M. Elimelech, Water and sanitation in developing countries: including health in the equation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41 (2007) 17–24.
  3. K. Bakker, The “commons” versus the “commodity”: alterglobalization, anti-privatization and the human right to water in the global south, Antipode, 39 (2007) 430–455.
  4. M. Pritchard, T. Mkandawire, A. Edmondson, J.G. O’neill, G. Kululanga, Potential of using plant extracts for purification of shallow well water in Malawi, Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A/B/C, 34 (2009) 799–805.
  5. J. Baumgartner, S. Murcott, M. Ezzati, Reconsidering ‘appropriate technology’: the effects of operating conditions on the bacterial removal performance of two household drinkingwater filter systems, Environ. Res. Lett., 2 (2007) 024003.
  6. S. Murcott, Implementation, Critical Factors and Challenges to Scale-Up of Household Drinking Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems (HWTS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, USA, 2006.
  7. M.N.B. Momba, C.L. Obi, P. Thompson, Survey of disinfection efficiency of small drinking water treatment plants: challenges facing small water treatment plants in South Africa, Water SA, 35 (2009) 485–494.
  8. J.K. Mwabi, F.E. Adeyemo, T.O. Mahlangu, B.B. Mamba, B.M. Brouckaert, C.D. Swartz, G. Offringa, L. Mpenyana- Monyatsi, M.N.B. Momba, Household water treatment systems: a solution to the production of safe drinking water by the lowincome communities of Southern Africa, Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A/B/C, 36 (2011) 1120–1128.
  9. G. Mackintosh, C. Colvin, Failure of rural schemes in South Africa to provide potable water, Environ. Geol., 44 (2003) 101–105.
  10. R.R.A.M. Mato, Groundwater Pollution in Urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Assessing Vulnerability and Protection Priorities, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 2002, p. 194.
  11. M.F. Hiji, J.W. Ntalikwa, Investigations of Dodoma municipal hard water: (Part 1): review of hard water treatment processes and identification of contaminants, Int. J. Environ. Monit. Prot., 1 (2014) 56.
  12. K.S. Meena, R.K. Gunsaria, K. Meena, N. Kumar, P.L. Meena, The problem of hardness in ground water of Deoli Tehsil (Tonk District) Rajasthan, J. Curr. Chem. Pharm. Sci., 2 (2011) 50–54.
  13. Z.A. Napacho, S.V. Manyele, Quality assessment of drinking water in Temeke District (part II): characterization of chemical parameters, Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 4 (2010) 775–789.
  14. S.-J. Seo, H.R. Jeon, J.K. Lee, G.-Y. Kim, D.W. Park, H. Nojima, J.Y. Lee, S.-H. Moon, Investigation on removal of hardness ions by capacitive deionization (CDI) for water softening applications, Water Res., 44 (2010) 2267–2275.
  15. T. Scherer, Ed., Drinking Water Quality: Testing and Interpreting Your Results (Revised), North Dakota State University, North Dakota, USA, 2015.
  16. WHO, Hardness in Drinking Water: Background Document for Development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2011, pp. 1–11.
  17. A.M. Saeed, M.J. Hamzah, New approach for removal of total hardness (Ca2+, Mg2+) from water using commercial polyacrylic acid hydrogel beads, study and application, Int. J. Adv. Biol. Biomed. Res., 1 (2013) 1142–1156.
  18. B. Crittenden, W.J. Thomas, Adsorption Technology and Design, Elsevier Science, Oxford, United Kingdom, 1998.
  19. M.J. Rwiza, S.-Y. Oh, K.-W. Kim, S.D. Kim, Comparative sorption isotherms and removal studies for Pb(II) by physical and thermochemical modification of low-cost agro-wastes from Tanzania, Chemosphere, 195 (2018) 135–145.
  20. V. Krepl, P. Kment, G. Rajdlova, P.F. Kapila, African countries’ agricultural trade value chain assessment case study: Tanzania (cashew nut exports), Agris On-line Papers in Economics and Informatics, 8 (2016) 45–55.
  21. R.A. Corbitt, Standard Handbook of Environmental Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 1990.
  22. C. Rolence, R.L. Machunda, K.N. Njau, Water hardness removal by coconut shell activated carbon, Int. J. Sci. Technol. Soc., 2 (2014) 97–102.
  23. M. Otero, F. Rozada, L.F. Calvo, A.I. Garcı́a, A. Morán, Elimination of organic water pollutants using adsorbents obtained from sewage sludge, Dyes Pigm., 57 (2003) 55–65.
  24. W.W. Eckenfelder, Industrial Water Pollution Control, McGraw- Hill, Singapore, 1989.
  25. E. Worch, Adsorption Technology in Water Treatment: Fundamentals, Processes, and Modeling, DE GRUYTER, Berlin, Germany, 2012.
  26. E. Mintz, J. Bartram, P. Lochery, M. Wegelin, Not just a drop in the bucket: expanding access to point-of-use water treatment systems, Am. J. Public Health, 91 (2001) 1565–1570.
  27. APHA-AWWA/WEF, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed., American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington, D.C., USA, 1998.
  28. D. Zhou, L. Zhang, J.P. Zhou, S.L. Guo, Development of a fixedbed column with cellulose/chitin beads to remove heavy-metal ions, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 94 (2004) 684–691.
  29. A.O. Okewale, P.K. Igbokwe, K.A. Babayemi, Design of pilot plant packed column for the dehydration of water from ethanolwater mixtures, Adv. Chem. Eng. Sci., 5 (2015) 152.
  30. P.D. Rocha, A.S. Franca, L.S. Oliveira, Batch and column studies of phenol adsorption by an activated carbon based on acid treatment of corn cobs, Int. J. Eng. Technol., 7 (2015) 459.
  31. P. Sivakumar, P.N. Palanisamy, Adsorption studies of basic Red 29 by a non-conventional activated carbon prepared from Euphorbia antiquorum L., Int. J. Chem. Technol. Res., 1 (2009) 502–510.
  32. S. Gupta, B.V. Babu, Modeling, simulation, and experimental validation for continuous Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solutions using sawdust as an adsorbent, Bioresour. Technol., 100 (2009) 5633–5640.
  33. K.-W. Baek, S.-H. Song, S.-H. Kang, Y.-W. Rhee, C.-S. Lee, B.-J. Lee, S. Hudson, T.-S. Hwang, Adsorption kinetics of boron by anion exchange resin in packed column bed, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 13 (2007) 452–456.
  34. D.C.K. Ko, J.F. Porter, G. McKay, Application of the concentration-dependent surface diffusion model on the multicomponent fixed-bed adsorption systems, Chem. Eng. Sci., 60 (2005) 5472–5479.
  35. S. Senthilkumaar, P.R. Varadarajan, K. Porkodi, C.V. Subbhuraam, Adsorption of methylene blue onto jute fiber carbon: kinetics and equilibrium studies, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 284 (2005) 78–82.