References

  1. I. Janajreh, D. Suwwan, R. Hashaikeh, Theoretical and experimental study of direct contact membrane distillation, Desal. Water Treat., 57(33) (2016) 15660–15675.
  2. M. Gryta, Influence of polypropylene membrane surface porosity on the performance of membrane distillation process, J. Membr. Sci., 287 (2007) 67–68.
  3. M. Khayet, A. Velazquez, J.I. Mengual, Modeling mass transfer through a porous partition: effect of pore size distribution, J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn., 29 (2004) 279–299.
  4. M. Khayet, T. Matsuura, Pervaporation and vacuum membrane distillation processes: modeling and experiments, AIChE J., 50 (2004) 1697–1712.
  5. J. Phattaranawik, R. Jiraratananon, A.G. Fane, Effect of pore size distribution and air flux on mass transport in direct contact membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 215 (2003) 75–85.
  6. M. Padaki, R. Surya Murali, M.S. Abdullah, N.Misdan, A. Moslehyani , M.A. Kassim, N. Hilal, A.F. Ismail, Membrane technology enhancement in oil–water separation. A review, Desalination, 357 (2015) 197–207.
  7. L.-Y. Yu, Z.-L. Xu, H.-M. Shen, H. Yang, Preparation and characterization of PVDF–SiO2 composite hollow fiber UF membrane by sol–gel method, J. Membr. Sci., 337 (2009) 257–265.
  8. A.V.R. Reddy, D.J. Mohan, A. Bhattacharya, et al., Surface modification of ultrafiltration membranes by pre-adsorption of a negatively charged polymer. I. Permeation of water soluble polymers and inorganic salt solutions and fouling resistance properties, J. Membr. Sci., 214 (2003) 211–221.
  9. Z.L. Xu, T.S. Chung, K.C. Loh, et al., Polymeric asymmetric membranes made from polyetherimide/polybenzimidazole/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEI/PBI/PEG) for oil–surfactant–water separation, J. Membr. Sci., 158 (1999) 41–53.
  10. Z.L. Xu, T.S. Chung, Y. Huang, Effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone molecular weights on morphology, oil/water separation, mechanical and thermal properties of polyetherimide/polyvinylpyrrolidone hollow fiber membranes, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 74 (1999) 2220–2233.
  11. D. Hou, J. Wang, D. Qu, Z. Luan, X. Ren, Fabrication and characterization of hydrophobic PVDF hollow fiber membranes for desalination through direct contact membrane distillation, Sep. Purif. Tech., 69 (2009) 78–86.
  12. X. Zuo, S. Yu, X. Xu, J. Xu, R. Bao, X. Yan, New PVDF organic–inorganic membranes: The effect of SiO2 nanoparticles content on the transport performance of anion-exchange membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 340 (2009) 206–213.
  13. L. Yan, Y. Li, C.B. Xiang, Preparation of polyvinylidene fluoride (pvdf) ultrafiltration membrane modified by nano-sized alumina (Al2O3) and its antifouling research, Polymer, 46 (2005) 7701–7706.
  14. L. Yan, Y. Li, C. B. Xiang, S. Xianda, Effect of nano-sized Al2O3-particle addition on PVDF ultrafiltration membrane performance, J. Membr. Sci., 276 (2006) 162–167.
  15. G.K. Elyashevich, E.Y. Rosova, I.S. Kuryndin, Properties of multi-layer composite membranes on the base of polyethylene porous films, Desalination, 144 (2002) 2 l–26.
  16. J. Shieh, T-S. Chung, D.R. Paul, Study on multi-layer composite hollow fiber membranes for gas separation, Chem. Eng. Sci., 54 (1999) 675–684.
  17. P. Sukitpaneenit, T-S. Chung, PVDF/nanosilica dual-layer hollow fibers with enhanced selectivity and flux as novel membranes for ethanol recovery, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 51 (2012) 978–993.
  18. X. Zhan, J. Li, J. Huang, C. Chen, Enhanced pervaporation performance of multi-layer PDMS/PVDF composite membrane for ethanol recovery from aqueous solution, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 160 (2010) 632–642.
  19. I. Janajreh, D. Suwwan, R. Hashaikeh, Assessment of direct contact membrane distillation under different configurations, velocities and membrane properties, Applied Energy, 185 (2017) 2058–2073.
  20. I. Janajreh, D. Suwwan, Numerical simulation of direct contact membrane desalination (DCMD): II, Int. J. Eng. Res. Innov., 6 (2014) 21–33.
  21. I. Janajreh, D. Suwwan, Numerical simulation of direct contact membrane desalination in conjugate heat transfer configuration: role of membrane conductivity, Int. J. Sustain. Water Environ. Syst., 6 (2014) 81–87.
  22. I. Janajreh, D. Suwwan, H. Fath, Flow analysis of low energy direct contact membrane desalination, Int. J. Therm. Environ. Eng., 8 (2014) 133–138.
  23. H. Yu, X. Yang, R. Wang, A.G. Fane, Numerical simulation of heat and mass transfer in direct membrane distillation in a hollow fiber module with laminar flow. J. Membr. Sci., 384 (2011) 107–116.
  24. L.F. Greenlee, D.F. Lawler, B.D. Freeman, B. Marrot, P. Moulin, Reverse osmosis desalination: water sources, technology, and today’s challenges, Water Res., 43 (2009) 2317–2348.
  25. T.-C. Chen, C.-D. Ho, H.-M. Yeh, Theoretical modeling and experimental analysis of direct contact membrane distillation. J. Membr. Sci., 330 (2009) 279–287.
  26. B.L. Pangarkar, M.G. Sane, Heat and mass transfer analysis in air gap membrane distillation process for desalination, Membr. Water. Treat., 2 (2011) 159–173.
  27. Z. Jin, D. Yang, S. Zhang, X. Jian, Hydrophobic modification of poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) hollow fiber membrane for vacuum membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 310 (2008) 20–27.
  28. A. Bahmanyar, M. Asghari, N. Khoobi, Numerical simulation and theoretical study on simultaneously effects of operating parameters in direct contact membrane distillation, Chem. Eng. Process. Intensif., 61 (2012) 42–50.
  29. M. Khayet, Membranes and theoretical modeling of membrane distillation: A review, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 164 (2011) 56–88.
  30. K.W. Lawson, D.R. Lloyd, Membrane distillation. II. Direct contact MD, J. Membr. Sci., 120 (1996) 123–133.
  31. Z. Ding, L. Liu, M.S. El-Bourawi, R. Ma, Analysis of a solar-powered membrane distillation system, Desalination, 172 (2005) 27–40.
  32. V.A. Bui, L.T.T. Vu, M.H. Nguyen, Modelling the simultaneous heat and mass transfer of direct contact membrane distillation in hollow fiber modules, J. Membr. Sci., 353 (2010) 85–93.
  33. A.O. Imdakm, T. Matsuura, Simulation of heat and mass transfer in direct contact membrane distillation (MD): the effect of membrane physical properties, J. Membr. Sci., 262 (2005) 117– 128.
  34. T.-C. Chen, C.-D. Ho, Immediate assisted solar direct contact membrane distillation in saline water desalination, J. Membr. Sci., 358 (2010) 122–130.
  35. S.B. Iversen, V.K. Bhatia, K. Dam-Johansen, G. Jonsson, Characterization of microporous membranes for use in membrane contactors, J. Membr. Sci., 130 (1997) 205–217.
  36. P. Termpiyakul, R. Jiraratananon, S. Srisurichan, Heat and mass transfer characteristics of a direct contact membrane distillation process for desalination, Desalination, 177 (2005) 133–141.
  37. I. Janajreh, D. Suwwan, R. Hashaikeh, Coupled modelling of membrane desalination, Int. Conf. of Waste and Wastewater Treatment and Valorization, Athens, Greece, 2015.
  38. B.S. Sparrow, Empirical equations for the thermodynamic properties of aqueous sodium chloride, Desalination, 159 (2003) 161–70.
  39. “Silica - Silicon Dioxide (SiO2).” AZoM.com. N.p., 27 May 2016. Web.
  40. C.L. Yaws, Chemical properties handbook: physical, thermodynamic, environmental, transport, safety and health related properties for organic and inorganic chemicals, 1999.
  41. I. Janajreh, A. Hasania, H. Fath, Numerical simulation of vapor flow and pressure drop across the demister of MSF desalination plant, E. Conv. and Manag., 65 (2013) 793–800.
  42. S. Ergun, Fluid flow through packed columns, Chem. Eng. Prog. 48 (1952) 89–94.
  43. B. Lalia, I. Janajreh, R. Hashaikeh, A facile approach to fabricate superhydrophobic membranes with low contact angle hysteresis, J. Membr. Sci., 539 (2017) 144–151.