References

  1. GWI, Low Pressure: High Expectations. Opportunities and Dynamic in the MF/UF Membrane Market, Global Water Intelligence, 2014.
  2. P.E. Odendaal, Water Treatment Membrane Processes, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996.
  3. L.J. Zeman, A.L. Zydney, Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration: Principles and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1996.
  4. E.M.V. Hoek, V.V. Tarabara, Encyclopedia of Membrane Science and Technology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2013.
  5. M.R. Wiesner, S. Chellam, The promise of membrane technologies, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33 (1999) 360–366.
  6. A.S. Al-Amoudi, Factors affecting natural organic matter (NOM) and scaling fouling in NF membranes: a review, Desalination, 259 (2010) 1–10.
  7. D. Jermann, W. Pronk, S. Meylan, M. Boller, Interplay of different NOM fouling mechanisms during ultrafiltration for drinking water production, Water Res., 41 (2007) 1713–1722.
  8. S. Lee, J.W. Cho, M. Elimelech, Combined influence of natural organic matter (NOM) and colloidal particles on nanofiltration membrane fouling, J. Membr. Sci., 262 (2005) 27–41.
  9. W. Yuan, A.L. Zydney, Humic acid fouling during ultrafiltration, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34 (2000) 5043–5050.
  10. D. Jermann, W. Pronk, R. Kagi, M. Halbeisen, M. Boller, Influence of interactions between NOM and particles on UF fouling mechanisms, Water Res., 42 (2008) 3870–3878.
  11. H. Yamamura, K. Okimoto, K. Kimura, Y. Watanabe, Hydrophilic fraction of natural organic matter causing irreversible fouling of microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes, Water Res., 54 (2014) 123–136.
  12. N. Lee, G. Amy, J.-P. Croué, Low-pressure membrane (MF/UF) fouling associated with allochthonous versus autochthonous natural organic matter, Water Res., 40 (2006) 2357–2368.
  13. X. Zheng, M. Ernst, M. Jekel, Identification and quantification of major organic foulants in treated domestic wastewater affecting filterability in dead-end ultrafiltration, Water Res., 43 (2009) 238–244.
  14. S.K. Hong, M. Elimelech, Chemical and physical aspects of natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of nanofiltration membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 132 (1997) 159–181.
  15. I. Sutzkover-Gutman, D. Hasson, R. Semiat, Humic substances fouling in ultrafiltration processes, Desalination, 261 (2010) 218–231.
  16. X. Zheng, M.T. Khan, J.-P. Croué, Contribution of effluent organic matter (EfOM) to ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fouling: Isolation, characterization, and fouling effect of EfOM fractions, Water Res., 65 (2014) 414–424.
  17. K.J. Howe, M.M. Clark, Fouling of microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes by natural waters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36 (2002) 3571–3576.
  18. F. Xiao, P. Xiao, W.J. Zhang, D.S. Wang, Identification of key factors affecting the organic fouling on low-pressure ultrafiltration membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 447 (2013) 144–152.
  19. Y. Gao, D. Chen, L.K. Weavers, H.W. Walker, Ultrasonic control of UF membrane fouling by natural waters: effects of calcium, pH, and fractionated natural organic matter, J. Membr. Sci., 401 (2012) 232–240.
  20. C. Jucker, M.M. Clark, Adsorption of aquatic humic substances on hydrophobic ultrafiltration membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 97 (1994) 37–52.
  21. W.Y. Ahn, A.G. Kalinichev, M.M. Clark, Effects of background cations on the fouling of polyethersulfone membranes by natural organic matter: experimental and molecular modeling study, J. Membr. Sci., 309 (2008) 128–140.
  22. K. Kimura, K. Tanaka, Y. Watanabe, Microfiltration of different surface waters with/without coagulation: clear correlations between membrane fouling and hydrophilic biopolymers, Water Res., 49 (2014) 434–443.
  23. H. Huang, K. Schwab, J.G. Jacangelo, Pretreatment for low pressure membranes in water treatment: a review, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43 (2009) 3011–3019.
  24. K. Farahbakhsh, C. Svrcek, R.K. Guest, D.W. Smith, A review of the impact of chemical pretreatment on low-pressure water treatment membranes, J. Environ. Eng. Sci., 3 (2004) 237–253.
  25. C. Thamaraiselvan, M. Noel, Membrane processes for dye wastewater treatment: recent progress in fouling control, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45 (2015) 1007–1040.
  26. M.R. Wiesner, J.M. Laine, Coagulation and Membrane Separation in Water Treatment Membrane Processes, McGraw Hill, New York, 1996.
  27. K.J. Howe, A. Marwah, K.P. Chiu, S.S. Adham, Effect of coagulation on the size of MF and UF membrane foulants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40 (2006) 7908–7913.
  28. J.D. Lee, S.H. Lee, M.H. Jo, P.K. Park, C.H. Lee, J.W. Kwak, Effect of coagulation conditions on membrane filtration characteristics in coagulation-microfiltration process for water treatment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34 (2000) 3780–3788.
  29. M.Q. Yan, D.S. Wang, J.R. Ni, J.H. Qu, C.W.K. Chow, H.L. Liu, Mechanism of natural organic matter removal by polyaluminum chloride: effect of coagulant particle size and hydrolysis kinetics, Water Res., 42 (2008) 3361–3370.
  30. A. Maartens, P. Swart, E.P. Jacobs, Feed-water pretreatment: methods to reduce membrane fouling by natural organic matter, J. Membr. Sci., 163 (1999) 51–62.
  31. C. Stoquart, P. Servais, P.R. Berube, B. Barbeau, Hybrid membrane processes using activated carbon treatment for drinking water: a review, J. Membr. Sci., 411 (2012) 1–12.
  32. L.C. Koh, W.-Y. Ahn, M.M. Clark, Selective adsorption of natural organic foulants by polysulfone colloids: effect on ultrafiltration fouling, J. Membr. Sci., 281 (2006) 472–479.
  33. Z.X. Cai, J.S. Kim, M.M. Benjamin, NOM removal by adsorption and membrane filtration using heated aluminum oxide particles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42 (2008) 619–623.
  34. J. Kim, Q.R. Deng, M.M. Benjamin, Simultaneous removal of phosphorus and foulants in a hybrid coagulation/membrane filtration system, Water Res., 42 (2008) 2017–2024.
  35. J.S. Kim, Z.X. Cai, M.M. Benjamin, Effects of adsorbents on membrane fouling by natural organic matter, J. Membr. Sci., 310 (2008) 356–364.
  36. J. Kim, Z.X. Cai, M.M. Benjamin, NOM fouling mechanisms in a hybrid adsorption/membrane system, J. Membr. Sci., 349 (2010) 35–43.
  37. Z.X. Cai, M.M. Benjamin, NOM fractionation and fouling of low-pressure membranes in microgranular adsorptive filtration, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45 (2011) 8935–8940.
  38. Z.X. Cai, C. Wee, M.M. Benjamin, Fouling mechanisms in lowpressure membrane filtration in the presence of an adsorbent cake layer, J. Membr. Sci., 433 (2013) 32–38.
  39. W. Stumm, J.J. Morgan, Aquatic Chemistry: Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996.
  40. B. Bolto, J. Gregory, Organic polyelectrolytes in water treatment, Water Res., 41 (2007) 2301–2324.
  41. W.Z. Yu, H.J. Liu, L. Xu, J.H. Qu, N. Graham, The pre-treatment of submerged ultrafiltration membrane by coagulation—effect of polyacrylamide as a coagulant aid, J. Membr. Sci., 446 (2013) 50–58.
  42. N. Li, G.P. Sheng, Y.Z. Lu, R.J. Zeng, H.Q. Yu, Removal of antibiotic resistance genes from wastewater treatment plant effluent by coagulation, Water Res., 111 (2017) 204–212.
  43. B.T. Zhu, D.A. Clifford, S. Chellam, Virus removal by iron coagulation-microfiltration, Water Res., 39 (2005) 5153–5161.
  44. X. Zheng, S. Plume, M. Ernst, J.P. Croue, M. Jekel, In-line coagulation prior to UF of treated domestic wastewater – foulants removal, fouling control and phosphorus removal, J. Membr. Sci., 403 (2012) 129–139.
  45. M. Kimura, Y. Matsui, S. Saito, T. Takahashi, M. Nakagawa, N. Shirasaki, T. Matsushita, Hydraulically irreversible membrane fouling during coagulation-microfiltration and its control by using high-basicity polyaluminum chloride, J. Membr. Sci., 477 (2015) 115–122.
  46. K. Kimura, T. Maeda, H. Yamamura, Y. Watanabe, Irreversible membrane fouling in microfiltration membranes filtering coagulated surface water, J. Membr. Sci., 320 (2008) 356–362.
  47. J. Wang, J. Guan, S.R. Santiwong, T.D. Waite, Characterization of floc size and structure under different monomer and polymer coagulants on microfiltration membrane fouling, J. Membr. Sci., 321 (2008) 132–138.
  48. A.K. Verma, R.R. Dash, P. Bhunia, A review on chemical coagulation/flocculation technologies for removal of colour from textile wastewaters, J. Environ. Manage., 93 (2012) 154–168.
  49. Z. Yan, B. Liu, F. Qu, A. Ding, H. Liang, Y. Zhao, G. Li, Control of ultrafiltration membrane fouling caused by algal extracellular organic matter (EOM) using enhanced Al coagulation with permanganate, Sep. Sci. Technol., 172 (2017) 51–58.
  50. K. Kimura, Y. Oki, Efficient control of membrane fouling in MF by removal of biopolymers: comparison of various pretreatments, Water Res., 115 (2017) 172–179.
  51. Y.X. Zhao, B.Y. Gao, Q.B. Qi, Y. Wang, S. Phuntsho, J.H. Kim, Q.Y. Yue, Q. Li, H.K. Shon, Cationic polyacrylamide as coagulant aid with titanium tetrachloride for low molecule organic matter removal, J. Hazard. Mater., 258 (2013) 84–92.
  52. C.S. Lee, J. Robinson, M.F. Chong, A review on application of flocculants in wastewater treatment, Process Saf. Environ. Prot., 92 (2014) 489–508.
  53. W. Yu, Y. Yang, N. Graham, Evaluation of ferrate as a coagulant aid/oxidant pretreatment for mitigating submerged ultrafiltration membrane fouling in drinking water treatment, Chem. Eng. J., 298 (2016) 234–242.
  54. C.H. Wu, Y. Wang, B.Y. Gao, Y.X. Zhao, Q.Y. Yue, Coagulation performance and floc characteristics of aluminum sulfate using sodium alginate as coagulant aid for synthetic dying wastewater treatment, Sep. Sci. Technol., 95 (2012) 180–187.
  55. G.S. Logsdon, D.G. Neden, A.M.D. Ferguson, S.D. Labonde, Testing direct-filtration for the treatment of high-turbidity water, J. AWWA, 85 (1993) 39–46.
  56. K.J. Howe, M.M. Clark, Effect of coagulation pretreatment on membrane filtration performance, J. AWWA, 98 (2006) 133–146.
  57. S.H. Lee, W.S. Shin, M.C. Shin, S.J. Choi, L.S. Park, Improvement of water treatment performance by using polyamine flocculants, Environ. Technol., 22 (2001) 653–659.
  58. J. Haberkamp, A.S. Ruhl, M. Ernst, M. Jekel, Impact of coagulation and adsorption on DOC fractions of secondary effluent and resulting fouling behaviour in ultrafiltration, Water Res., 41 (2007) 3794–3802.
  59. H. Wang, F.S. Qu, A. Ding, H. Liang, R.B. Jia, K. Li, L.M. Bai, H.Q. Chang, G.B. Li, Combined effects of PAC adsorption and in situ chlorination on membrane fouling in a pilot-scale coagulation and ultrafiltration process, Chem. Eng. J., 283 (2016) 1374–1383.
  60. I.N. Najm, V.L. Snoeyink, B.W. Lykins, J.Q. Adams, Using Powdered Activated Carbon – A Critical Review, Workshop on Influence and Removal of Orgaincs in Drinking Water, 1992.
  61. B.W. Ma, W.Z. Yu, H.J. Liu, J.B. Yao, J.H. Qu, Effect of iron/ aluminum hydrolyzed precipitate layer on ultrafiltration membrane, Desalination, 330 (2013) 16–21.
  62. H.K. Shon, S. Vigneswaran, I.S. Kim, J. Cho, H.H. Ngo, The effect of pretreatment to ultrafiltration of biologically treated sewage effluent: a detailed effluent organic matter (EfOM) characterization, Water Res., 38 (2004) 1933–1939.
  63. C.F. Lin, Y.J. Huang, I.J. Hao, Ultrafiltration processes for removing humic substances: effect of molecular weight fractions and PAC treatment, Water Res., 33 (1999) 1252–1264.
  64. P. Zhao, S. Takizawa, H. Katayama, S. Ohgaki, Factors causing PAC cake fouling in PAC-MF (powdered activated carbonmicrofiltration) water treatment systems, Water Sci. Technol., 51 (2005) 231–240.
  65. C. Tansakul, S. Laborie, C. Cabassud, Adsorption combined with ultrafiltration to remove organic matter from seawater, Water Res., 45 (2011) 6362–6370.
  66. R. Fabris, E.K. Lee, C.W.K. Chow, V. Chen, M. Drikas, Pretreatments to reduce fouling of low pressure micro-filtration (MF) membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 289 (2007) 231–240.
  67. L.C. Schideman, B.J. Marinas, V.L. Snoeyink, S.Y. Qi, C. Campos, Three-component adsorption modeling to evaluate and improve integrated sorption-membrane processes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41 (2007) 6547–6553.
  68. Y. Matsui, R. Murase, T. Sanogawa, H. Aoki, S. Mima, T. Inoue, T. Matsushita, Rapid adsorption pretreatment with submicrometre powdered activated carbon particles before microfiltration, Water Sci. Technol., 51 (2005) 249–256.
  69. X. Cui, K.H. Choo, Granular iron oxide adsorbents to control natural organic matter and membrane fouling in ultrafiltration water treatment, Water Res., 47 (2013) 4227–4237.
  70. Y.J. Chang, K.H. Choo, M.M. Benjamin, S. Reiber, Combined adsorption – UF process increases TOC removal, J. AWWA, 90 (1998) 90–102.
  71. P. Yao, K.H. Choo, M.H. Kim, A hybridized photocatalysismicrofiltration system with iron oxide-coated membranes for the removal of natural organic matter in water treatment: effects of iron oxide layers and colloids, Water Res., 43 (2009) 4238–4248.
  72. S.K. Kang, K.H. Choo, Why does a mineral oxide adsorbent control fouling better than powdered activated carbon in hybrid ultrafiltration water treatment? J. Membr. Sci., 355 (2010) 69–77.
  73. Y.J. Chang, M.M. Benjamin, Iron oxide adsorption and UF to remove NOM and control fouling, J. AWWA, 88 (1996) 74–88.
  74. C.L. Ding, X. Yang, W. Liu, Y.J. Chang, C.I. Shang, Removal of natural organic matter using surfactant-modified iron oxidecoated sand, J. Hazard. Mater., 174 (2010) 567–572.
  75. F. Qu, Z. Yan, W. Liu, S. Shao, X. Ren, N. Ren, G. Li, H. Liang, Effects of manganese dioxides on the ultrafiltration membrane fouling by algal extracellular organic matter, Sep. Sci. Technol., 153 (2015) 29–36.
  76. Y.J. Chang, C.W. Li, M.M. Benjamin, Iron oxide-coated media for NOM sorption and particulate filtration, J. AWWA, 89 (1997) 100–113.
  77. W. Stumm, Chemistry of the Solid-Water Interface, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1992.
  78. B. Gu, J. Schmitt, Z. Chen, L. Liang, J.F. McCarthy, Adsorption and desorption of natural organic matter on iron oxide: mechanisms and models, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28 (1994) 38–46.
  79. J.K. Edzwald, Coagulation in drinking-water treatmentparticles, organics and coagulants, Water Sci. Technol., 27 (1993) 21–35.
  80. M.M. Clark, W.Y. Ahn, X. Li, N. Sternisha, R.L. Riley, Formation of polysulfone colloids for adsorption of natural organic foulants, Langmuir, 21 (2005) 7207–7213.
  81. D.T. Myat, M. Mergen, O. Zhao, M.B. Stewart, J.D. Orbell, T. Merle, J.-P. Croue, S. Gray, Effect of IX dosing on polypropylene and PVDF membrane fouling control, Water Res., 47 (2013) 3827–3834.
  82. K. Li, H. Liang, F.S. Qu, S.L. Shao, H.R. Yu, Z.S. Han, X. Du, G.B. Li, Control of natural organic matter fouling of ultrafiltration membrane by adsorption pretreatment: comparison of mesoporous adsorbent resin and powdered activated carbon, J. Membr. Sci., 471 (2014) 94–102.
  83. H. Wang, Z. Chen, J. Miao, Y. Li, A novel approach for mitigation of membrane fouling: concomitant use of flocculant and magnetic powder, Bioresour. Technol., 209 (2016) 318–325.
  84. Y. Chen, Y. Tu, Y. Bai, M. Tang, W. Liu, H. Wu, Combined adsorption/ultrafiltration of secondary effluents using powdered zeolites, Chem. Eng. Technol., 39 (2016) 285–292.
  85. L. Chekli, E. Corjon, S.A.A. Tabatabai, G. Naidu, B. Tamburic, S.H. Park, H.K. Shon, Performance of titanium salts compared to conventional FeCl3 for the removal of algal organic matter (AOM) in synthetic seawater: coagulation performance, organic fraction removal and floc characteristics, J. Environ. Manage., 201 (2017) 28–36.
  86. L. Chekli, C. Eripret, S.H. Park, S.A.A. Tabatabai, O. Vronska, B. Tamburic, J.H. Kim, H.K. Shon, Coagulation performance and floc characteristics of polytitanium tetrachloride (PTC) compared with titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) and ferric chloride (FeCl3) in algal turbid water, Sep. Sci. Technol., 175 (2017) 99–106.
  87. Z. Su, X. Li, Y. Yang, Y. Fan, Probing the application of a zirconium coagulant in a coagulation-ultrafiltration process: observations on organics removal and membrane fouling, RSC Adv., 7 (2017) 42329–42338.
  88. A. Matilainen, M. Vepsalainen, M. Sillanpaa, Natural organic matter removal by coagulation during drinking water treatment: a review, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 159 (2010) 189–197.
  89. A.I. Schafer, A.G. Fane, T.D. Waite, Cost factors and chemical pretreatment effects in the membrane filtration of waters containing natural organic matter, Water Res., 35 (2001) 1509–1517.
  90. N.H. Lee, G. Amy, J.P. Croue, H. Buisson, Identification and understanding of fouling in low-pressure membrane (MF/UF) filtration by natural organic matter (NOM), Water Res., 38 (2004) 4511–4523.
  91. S. Mozia, M. Tomaszewska, A.W. Morawski, Application of an ozonation-adsorption-ultrafiltration system for surface water treatment, Desalination, 190 (2006) 308–314.
  92. D. Metcalfe, P. Jarvis, C. Rockey, S. Judd, Pre-treatment of surface waters for ceramic microfiltration, Sep. Sci. Technol., 163 (2016) 173–180.
  93. S.A. Alizadeh Tabatabai, J.C. Schippers, M.D. Kennedy, Effect of coagulation on fouling potential and removal of algal organic matter in ultrafiltration pretreatment to seawater reverse osmosis, Water Res., 59 (2014) 283–294.
  94. M. Vepsalainen, M. Ghiasvand, J. Selin, J. Pienimaa, E. Repo, M. Pulliainen, M. Sillanpaa, Investigations of the effects of temperature and initial sample pH on natural organic matter (NOM) removal with electrocoagulation using response surface method (RSM), Sep. Sci. Technol., 69 (2009) 255–261.
  95. S. Chellam, M.A. Sari, Aluminum electrocoagulation as pretreatment during microfiltration of surface water containing NOM: a review of fouling, NOM, DBP, and virus control, J. Hazard. Mater., 304 (2016) 490–501.
  96. N.P. Gamage, S. Chellam, Aluminum electrocoagulation pretreatment reduces fouling during surface water microfiltration, J. Membr. Sci., 379 (2011) 97–105.
  97. L.C. Hua, C. Huang, Y.C. Su, N. TranNgocPhu, P.C. Chen, Effects of electro-coagulation on fouling mitigation and sludge characteristics in a coagulation-assisted membrane bioreactor, J. Membr. Sci., 495 (2015) 29–36.
  98. T. Tran, S. Gray, R. Naughton, B. Bolto, Polysilicato-iron for improved NOM removal and membrane performance, J. Membr. Sci., 280 (2006) 560–571.
  99. K.Y.J. Choi, B.A. Dempsey, In-line coagulation with lowpressure membrane filtration, Water Res., 38 (2004) 4271–4281.
  100. C. Guiguia, P. Manno, P. Moulin, M.J. Clifton, J.C. Rouch, P. Aptel, J.M. Laine, The use of Dean vortices in coiled hollowfibre ultrafiltration membranes for water and wastewater treatment, Desalination, 118 (1998) 73–79.
  101. M.M. Zhang, C. Li, M.M. Benjamin, Y.J. Chang, Fouling and natural organic matter removal in adsorbent/membrane systems for drinking water treatment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37 (2003) 1663–1669.
  102. J. Heo, J.R.V. Flora, N. Her, Y.G. Park, J. Cho, A. Son, Y. Yoon, Removal of bisphenol A and 17 beta-estradiol in single walled carbon nanotubes-ultrafiltration (SWNTs-UF) membrane systems, Sep. Sci. Technol., 90 (2012) 39–52.
  103. W. Yu, L. Xu, J. Qu, N. Graham, Investigation of precoagulation and powder activate carbon adsorption on ultrafiltration membrane fouling, J. Membr. Sci., 459 (2014) 157–168.
  104. K. Li, F. Qu, H. Liang, S. Shao, Z.-S. Han, H. Chang, X. Du, G. Li, Performance of mesoporous adsorbent resin and powdered activated carbon in mitigating ultrafiltration membrane fouling caused by algal extracellular organic matter, Desalination, 336 (2014) 129–137.
  105. J.W. Lee, J.I. Chun, H.J. Jung, D.H. Kwak, T. Ramesh, W.G. Shim, H. Moon, Comparative studies on coagulation and adsorption as a pretreatment method for the performance improvement of submerged MF membrane for secondary domestic wastewater treatment, Sep. Sci. Technol., 40 (2005) 2613–2632.
  106. J. Wang, J. Yang, H. Zhang, W. Guo, H.-H. Ngo, Feasibility study on magnetic enhanced flocculation for mitigating membrane fouling, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 26 (2015) 37–45.
  107. Q.L. Zhao, H.Y. Zhong, J.L. Liu, Y. Liu, Integrated coagulationtrickling filter-ultrafiltration processes for domestic wastewater treatment and reclamation, Water Sci. Technol., 65 (2012) 1599–1605.
  108. Z.X. Cai, Investigation of Microgranular Adsorptive Filtration System, Doctoral Thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, 2011.
  109. B. Malczewska, M.M. Benjamin, Efficacy of hybrid adsorption/ membrane pretreatment for low pressure membrane, Water Res., 99 (2016) 263–271.
  110. B. Malczewska, J. Liu, M.M. Benjamin, Virtual elimination of MF and UF fouling by adsorptive pre-coat filtration, J. Membr. Sci., 479 (2015) 159–164.
  111. L.F. Wang, M.M. Benjamin, A multi-spectral approach to differentiate the effects of adsorbent pretreatments on the characteristics of NOM and membrane fouling, Water Res., 98 (2016) 56–63.
  112. T. Carroll, S. King, S.R. Gray, B.A. Bolto, N.A. Booker, The fouling of microfiltration membranes by NOM after coagulation treatment, Water Res., 34 (2000) 2861–2868.
  113. T. Berman, R. Mizrahi, C.G. Dosoretz, Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP): a critical factor in aquatic biofilm initiation and fouling on filtration membranes, Desalination, 276 (2011) 184–190.
  114. E. Bar-Zeev, U. Passow, S.R.-V. Castrillon, M. Elimelech, Transparent exopolymer particles: from aquatic environments and engineered systems to membrane biofouling, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49 (2015) 691–707.
  115. L.O. Villacorte, M.D. Kennedy, G.L. Amy, J.C. Schippers, The fate of Transparent Exopolymer Particles (TEP) in integrated membrane systems: removal through pre-treatment processes and deposition on reverse osmosis membranes, Water Res., 45 (2011) 960–960.
  116. U. Passow, Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in aquatic environments, Prog. Oceanogr., 55 (2002) 287–333.
  117. J. Liu, M.M. Benjamin, Effect of water chemistry and operational conditions on mu GAF process performance, Water Res., 105 (2016) 76–84.
  118. L.-F. Wang, M.M. Benjamin, HAOPs pretreatment to reduce membrane fouling: foulant identification, removal, and interactions, J. Membr. Sci., 515 (2016) 219–229.
  119. H.O. Huang, C.R. O’Melia, Direct-flow microfiltration of aquasols II. On the role of colloidal natural organic matter, J. Membr. Sci., 325 (2008) 903–913.
  120. R.H. Peiris, C. Halle, H. Budman, C. Moresoli, S. Peldszus, P.M. Huck, R.L. Legge, Identifying fouling events in a membranebased drinking water treatment process using principal component analysis of fluorescence excitation-emission matrices, Water Res., 44 (2010) 185–194.
  121. J.Y. Tian, M. Ernst, F. Cui, M. Jekel, Correlations of relevant membrane foulants with UF membrane fouling in different waters, Water Res., 47 (2013) 1218–1228.
  122. N.P. Gamage, S. Chellam, Mechanisms of physically irreversible fouling during surface water microfiltration and mitigation by aluminum electroflotation pretreatment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48 (2014) 1148–1157.
  123. H. Yamamura, K. Kimura, Y. Watanabe, Mechanism involved in the evolution of physically irreversible fouling in microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes used for drinking water treatment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41 (2007) 6789–6794.
  124. S.A. Huber, A. Balz, M. Abert, W. Pronk, Characterisation of aquatic humic and non-humic matter with size-exclusion chromatography – organic carbon detection – organic nitrogen detection (LC-OCD-OND), Water Res., 45 (2011) 879–885.
  125. C. Halle, P.M. Huck, S. Peldszus, J. Haberkamp, M. Jekel, Assessing the performance of biological filtration as pretreatment to low pressure membranes for drinking water, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43 (2009) 3878–3884.
  126. H. Huang, H.-H. Cho, J.G. Jacangelo, K.J. Schwab, Mechanisms of membrane fouling control by integrated magnetic ion exchange and coagulation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46 (2012) 10711–10717.
  127. D.C. Sioutopoulos, A.J. Karabelas, The effect of permeation flux on the specific resistance of polysaccharide fouling layers developing during dead-end ultrafiltration, J. Membr. Sci., 473 (2015) 292–301.
  128. Y. Liu, X. Li, Y. Yang, S. Liang, L. Liu, J. Ren, Treatment of micro-polluted alga-rich water with PAC and ultrafiltration integrated process, J. Cent. South Univ. Sci. Technol., 45 (2014) 2928–2933.
  129. Q.L. Li, M. Elimelech, Organic fouling and chemical cleaning of nanofiltration membranes: measurements and mechanisms, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38 (2004) 4683–4693.