References
- K.W. Lawson, D.R. Lloyd, Membrane distillation, J. Membr.
Sci., 124 (1997) 1–25.
- D. Winter, J. Koschikowski, D. Düver, P. Hertel, U. Beuscher,
Evaluation of MD process performance: effect of backing
structures and membrane properties under different operating
conditions, Desalination, 323 (2013) 120–133.
- M. Findley, V. Tanna, Y. Rao, C. Yeh, Mass and heat transfer
relations in evaporation through porous membranes, AIChE J.,
15 (1969) 483–489.
- A. Alkhudhiri, N. Darwish, N. Hilal, Membrane distillation: A
comprehensive review, Desalination, 287 (2012) 2–18.
- J. Koo, S. Lee, J.-S. Choi, T.-M. Hwang, Theoretical analysis of
different membrane distillation modules, Desal. Water Treat.,
54 (2015) 862–870.
- M.M.A. Shirazi, A. Kargari, D. Bastani, L. Fatehi, Production
of drinking water from seawater using membrane distillation
(MD) alternative: direct contact MD and sweeping gas MD
approaches, Desal. Water Treat., 52 (2014) 2372–2381.
- J. Koo, J. Han, J. Sohn, S. Lee, T.-M. Hwang, Experimental comparison
of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) with
vacuum membrane distillation (VMD), Desal. Water Treat., 51
(2013) 6299–6309.
- Y. Shin, J. Choi, T. Lee, J. Sohn, S. Lee, Optimization of dewetting
conditions for hollow fiber membranes in vacuum membrane
distillation, Desal. Water Treat., 57 (2016) 7582–7592.
- K. Zhani, K. Zarzoum, H. Ben Bacha, J. Koschikowski, D. Pfeifle,
Autonomous solar powered membrane distillation systems:
state of the art, Desal. Water Treat., 57 (2016) 23038–23051.
- R.B. Saffarini, E.K. Summers, H.A. Arafat, Economic evaluation
of stand-alone solar powered membrane distillation systems,
Desalination, 299 (2012) 55–62.
- F. Suárez, S.W. Tyler, A.E. Childress, A theoretical study of
a direct contact membrane distillation system coupled to a
salt-gradient solar pond for terminal lakes reclamation, Water
Res., 44 (2010) 4601–4615.
- R. Sarbatly, C.-K. Chiam, Evaluation of geothermal energy in
desalination by vacuum membrane distillation, Appl. Energy,
112 (2013) 737–746.
- J.C. Vega-Beltrán, L. García-Rodríguez, I. Martín-Mateos,
J. Blanco-Gálvez, Solar membrane distillation: theoretical
assessment of multi-stage concept, Desal. Water Treat., 18
(2010) 133–138.
- J.B. Rodríguez, V.M. Gabet, G.M. Monroy, A.B. Puerta, I.F. Barrio,
Distilled and drinkable water quality produced by solar
membrane distillation technology, Desal. Water Treat., 51
(2013) 1265–1271.
- Noblis, Strategic Environmental and Development Program
(SERDP): Sustainable Forward Operating Bases, DOD, 2010.
- J. Phattaranawik, R. Jiraratananon, A. Fane, C. Halim, Mass
flux enhancement using spacer filled channels in direct contact
membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 187 (2001) 193–201.
- L. Martıń ez-Dıé z, M.I. Vazquez-Gonzalez, Temperature and
concentration polarization in membrane distillation of aqueous
salt solutions, J. Membr. Sci., 156 (1999) 265–273.
- R. Schofield, A. Fane, C. Fell, R. Macoun, Factors affecting flux
in membrane distillation, Desalination, 77 (1990) 279–294.
- T.L. Bergman, F.P. Incropera, D.P. DeWitt, A.S. Lavine, Fundamentals
of heat and mass transfer, John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
- J. Phattaranawik, R. Jiraratananon, A. Fane, Effect of pore size
distribution and air flux on mass transport in direct contact
membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 215 (2003) 75–85.
- T.-C. Chen, C.-D. Ho, H.-M. Yeh, Theoretical modeling and
experimental analysis of direct contact membrane distillation,
J. Membr. Sci., 330 (2009) 279–287.
- M.A.E.-R. Abu-Zeid, Y. Zhang, H. Dong, L. Zhang, H.-L. Chen,
L. Hou, A comprehensive review of vacuum membrane distillation
technique, Desalination, 356 (2015) 1–14.
- Cummins, https://www.americasgenerators.com/uploads/docs/Cummins Generator Engine KTA38-G9.pdf.
- B. Sundén, R.M. Manglik, Plate heat exchangers: design, applications
and performance, Wit Press, 2007.