References

  1. M. Keiluweit, P.S. Nico, M.G. Johnson, M. Kleber, Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar), Environ. Sci. Technol., 44 (2010) 1247–1253.
  2. D.W. Rutherford, R.L. Wershaw, C.E. Rostad, C.N. Kelly, Effect of formation condition on biochars: compositional and structural properties of cellulose, lignin, and pine biochars, Biomass Bioenergy, 46 (2012) 693–701.
  3. U. Uras, M. Carrier, A.G. Hardie, J.H. Knoetze, Physiochemical characterization of biochars from vacuum pyrolysis of south African agricultural waste for application as soil amendments, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 98 (2012) 207–213.
  4. D. Savova, E. Apak, E. Ekinci, F. Yardim, N. Petrov, T. Budinova, M. Razvigorova, V. Minkova, Biomass conversion to carbon adsorbents and gas, Biomass Bioenergy, 21 (2001) 133–142.
  5. D. Mohan, S. Rajput, V.K. Singh, P.H. Steele, C.U. Pittman, Jr., Modeling and evaluation of chromium remediation from water using a low cost bio-char, a green adsorbent, J. Hazard. Mater., 188 (2011) 319.
  6. N.N. Nassar, Rapid removal and recovery of Pb(II) from wastewater by magnetic nanoadsorbents, J. Hazard. Mater., 184 (2010) 538–546.
  7. X.F. Tan, Y.G. Liu, G. Zeng, X. Wang, X. Hu, Y. Gu, Z. Yang, Application of biochar for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions, Chemosphere, 125 (2015) 70–85.
  8. X. Cao, W. Harris, Properties of dairy-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use in remediation, Bioresour. Technol., 101 (2010) 5222–5228.
  9. E. Suganya, S. Rangabhashiyam, A.V. Lity, N. Selvaraju, Removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by a novel biosorbent Caryota urens seeds: equilibrium and kinetic studies, Desal. Wat. Treat., 57 (2016) 1–11.
  10. M.T. Amin, A.A. Alazba, M. Shafiq, Adsorption of copper (Cu2+) from aqueous solution using date palm trunk fibre: isotherms and kinetics, Desal. Wat. Treat., 57 (2016) 1–13.
  11. F.S. Hashem, M.S. Amin, Adsorption of methylene blue by activated carbon derived from various fruit peels, Desal. Wat. Treat., 57 (2016) 1–12.
  12. Z.-P. Qi, Q. Liu, Z.-R. Zhu, Q. Kong, Q.-F. Chen, C.-S. Zhao, Y.-Z. Liu, M.-S. Miao, C. Wang, Rhodamine B removal from aqueous solutions using loofah sponge and activated carbon prepared from loofah sponge, Desal. Wat. Treat., 57 (2016) 1–13.
  13. G.E. Sharaf El-Deena, S.E.A. Sharaf El-Deen, Kinetic and isotherm studies for adsorption of Pb(II) from aqueous solution onto coconut shell activated carbon, Desal. Wat. Treat., 57 (2016) 1–22.
  14. W. Yang, F. Zheng, Y. Lu, X. Xue, N. Li, Adsorption interaction of tetracyclines with porous synthetic resins, Ind. Eng. Chem., 50 (2011) 13892–13898.
  15. J.M. Novak, W.J. Busscher, D.L. Laird, M. Ahmedna, D.W. Watts, M.A.S. Niandou, Impact of biochar amendment on fertility of a southern coastal plain soil, Soil Sci., 174 (2009) 105–112.
  16. T.J. Kinney, C.A. Masiello, B. Dugan, W.C. Hockaday, M.R. Dean, K. Zygourakis, R.T. Barnes, Hydrologic properties of biochars produced at different temperatures, Biomass Bioenergy, 41 (2012) 34–43.
  17. A. Silber, I. Levkovitch, E.R. Graber, pH-dependent mineral release and surface properties of cornstraw biochar: agronomic implication, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44 (2010) 9318–9323.
  18. A.V. Mc Beath, R.J. Smernik, Variation in degree of aromatic condensation of chars, Org. Geochem., 40 (2009) 1161–1168.
  19. R.A. Brown, A.K. Kercher, T.H. Nguyen, D.C. Nagle, W.P. Ball, Production and characterisation of synthetic wood chars for use as surrogates for natural sorbents, Org. Geochem., 37 (2006) 321–333.
  20. T.H. Deluca, M.D. Mackenzie, M.J. Gundale, Biochar Effect on Soil Nutrient Transformation, J. Lehmann, S. Joseph, Eds., Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology, Earthscan, London, 2009, pp. 251–270.
  21. S. Koutcheiko, C.M. Monreal, H. Kodama, T. Mc Cracken, L. Kotlyar, Preparation and characterization of activated carbon derived from the thermos-chemical conversion of chicken manure, Bioresour. Technol., 98 (2007) 2459–2464.
  22. K.B. Cantrell, P.G. Hunt, M. Uchimiya, J.M. Novak, Impact of pyrolysis temperature and manure source on physicochemical characteristics of biochar, Bioresour. Technol., 107 (2012) 419–428.
  23. M. Ahmad, S.S. Lee, X. Dou, D. Mohan, J.R. Sung, J.E. Yang, Y.S. Ok, Effect of pyrolysis temperature on soybean stover- and peanut shell-derived biochar properties and TCE adsorption in water, Bioresour. Technol., 118 (2012) 536–544.
  24. C. Amen-Chen, H. Pakdel, C. Roy, Production of monomeric phenols by thermochemical conversion of biomass-a review, Bioresour. Technol., 79 (2001) 277–299.
  25. P.L. Ascough, M.I. Bird, P. Wormald, C.E. Snape, D. Apperley, Influence of production variables and starting material on charcoal stable isotopic and molecular characteristics, Geochim. Acta, 72 (2008) 6090–6102.
  26. F.J. Gonzalez-Vila, P. Tinoco, G. Almendros, F. Martin, Pyrolysis-GC-MS analysis of the formation and degradation stages of charred residues from lignocellulosic biomass, J. Agric. Food Chem., 49 (2001) 1128–1131.
  27. C. Trigo, L. Cox, K. Spokas, Influence of pyrolysis temperature and hardwood species on resulting biochar properties and their effect on azimsulfuron sorption as compared to other sorbents, Sci. Total Environ., 566–567 (2016) 1454–1464.
  28. M. Tatzber, M. Stemmer, H. Spiegel, C. Katzlberger, G. Zehetner, G. Haberauer, E. Garcia-Garcia, M.H. Gerzabeck, Spectroscopic behaviour of 14C labeled humic acids in a long term field experiment with three cropping systems, Aust. J. Soil Res., 47 (2009) 459–469.
  29. R.K. Sharma, J.B. Wooten, V.L. Baliga, X. Lin, W. Geoffrey Chan, M.R. Hajaligol, Characterization of chars from pyrolysis of lignin, Fuel, 83 (2004) 1469–1482.
  30. T. Mimmo, P. Panzacchi, M. Baratieri, C.A. Davies, G. Tonon, Effect of pyrolysis temperature on Miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus) biochar physical, chemical and functional properties, Biomass Bioenergy, 62 (2014) 149–157.
  31. J. Lehmann, J. Gaunt, M. Rondon, Biochar sequestration in terrestrial eco systems-a review, Mitigation Adapt. Strategies Global Change, 11 (2006) 403–427.
  32. P. Sun, C. Hui, R. Azim Khan, J. Du, Q. Zhang, Y.H. Zhao, Efficient removal of crystal violet using Fe3O4-coated biochar: the role of the Fe3O4 nano particles and modeling study their adsorption behaviour, Sci. Rep., 5 (2015) 12638.
  33. G. Wulfsberg, Inorganic Chemistry: Effect of Concentration and pH on Redox Chemistry: Pourbaix Diagram, University Science Books, Vol. 4, 2014, pp. 287–289.