References
- B. Penate, L. Garcia-Rodriguez, Current trends and future
prospects in the design of seawater reverse osmosis desalination
technology, Desalination, 284 (2012) 1–8.
- P.S. Goh, T. Matsuura, A.F. Ismail, B.C. Ng, The water-energy
nexus: solutions towards energy-efficient desalination, Energy
Technol., 5 (2017) 1136–1155.
- L.O. Villacorte, S.A.A. Tabatabai, D.M. Anderson, G.L. Amy,
J.C. Schippers, M.D. Kennedy, Seawater reverse osmosis
desalination and (harmful) algal blooms, Desalination, 360
(2015) 61–80.
- J.S. Vrouwenvelder, S.A. Manolarakis, J.P.v.d. Hoek, J.A.M. van
Paassen, W.G.J. van der Meer, J.M.C. van Agtmaal, H.D.M. Prummel,
J.C. Kruithof, M.C.M. van Loosdrecht, Quantitative biofouling
diagnosis in full scale nanofiltration and reverse osmosis
installations, Water Res., 42 (2008) 4856–4868.
- Y. Jin, H. Lee, Y.O. Jin, S. Hong, Application of multiple
modified fouling index (MFI) measurements at full-scale SWRO
plant, Desalination, 407 (2017) 24–32.
- T. Miyoshi, M. Hayashi, K. Shimamura, H. Matsuyama,
Important fractions of organic matter causing fouling of
seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membranes, Desalination,
390 (2016) 72–80.
- N. Her, G. Amy, D. Foss, J. Cho, Y. Yoon, P. Kosenka,
Optimization of method for detecting and characterizing NOM
by HPLC - Size exclusion chromatography with UV and on-line
DOC detection, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36 (2002) 1069–1076.
- K. Hong, S. Lee, S. Choi, Y. Yu, S. Hong, J. Moon, J. Sohn,
J. Yang, Assessment of various membrane fouling indexes
under seawater conditions, Desalination, 247 (2009) 247–259.
- Y. Jin, Y. Ju, H. Lee, S. Hong, Fouling potential evaluation by
cake fouling index: theoretical development, measurements,
and its implications for fouling mechanisms, J. Membr. Sci., 490
(2015) 57–64.
- M.D. Kennedy, J. Kamanyi, B.G.J. Heijman, G. Amy, Colloidal
organic matter fouling of UF membranes: role of NOM
composition and size, Desalination, 220 (2008) 200–213.
- Total suspended solids (TSS) in EPA Method 160.2 (1999), US
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC.
- Standard method 2540 solids in standard methods for the
examination of water and wastewater 19th Ed. (1995), American
Public Health Association (APHA), Washington, DC.
- A. Alhadidi, A.J.B. Kemperman, B. Blankert, J.C. Schippers,
M. Wessling, W.G.J. van der Meer, Silt density index and modified
fouling index relation, and effect of pressure, temperature and
membrane resistance, Desalination, 273 (2011) 48–56.
- A. Rymszewicz, J.J. O’Sullivan, M. Bruen, J.N. Turner, D.M.
Lawler, E. Conroy, M. Kelly-Quinn, Measurement differences
between turbidity instruments, and their implications for
suspended sediment concentration and load calculations: a
sensor inter-comparison study, J. Environ. Manage., 199 (2017)
99–108.
- J.K. Edzwald, J. Haarhoff, Seawater pretreatment for reverse
osmosis: chemistry, contaminants, and coagulation, Water Res.,
45 (2011) 5428–5440.
- H.K. Shon, S.H. Kim, S. Vigneswaran, R.B. Aim, S. Lee, J. Cho,
Physicochemical pretreatment of seawater: fouling reduction
and membrane characterization, Desalination, 238 (2009) 10–21.
- N. Her, G. Amy, J. Chung, J. Yoon, Y. Yoon, Characterizing
dissolved organic matter and evaluating associated
nanofiltration membrane fouling, Chemosphere, 70 (2008)
495–502.
- L.O. Villacorte, Y. Ekowati, T.R. Neu, J.M. Kleijn, H. Winters,
G. Amy, J.C. Shippers, M.D. Kennedy, Characterisation of
algal organic matter produced by bloom-forming marine and
freshwater algae, Water Res., 73 (2015) 216–230.
- G. Amy, Fundamental understanding of organic matter fouling
of membranes, Desalination, 231 (2008) 44–51.
- L.O. Villacorte, Y. Ekowati, H. Winters, G.L. Amy, J.C. Schippers,
M.D. Kennedy, Characterization of transparent exopolymer
particles (TEP) produced during algal bloom: a membrane
treatment perspective, Desal. Wat. Treat., 5 (2013) 1021–1033.
- Y. Yu, S. Lee, K. Hong, S. Hong, Evaluation of membrane
fouling potential by multiple membrane array system (MMAS):
measurements and applications, J. Membr. Sci., 362 (2010)
279–288.
- S.F.E. Boerlage, M.D. Kennedy, M.p. Aniye, E.M. Abogrean,
D.E.Y. El-Hodali, Z.S. Tarawneh, J.C. Shippers, Modified
fouling indexultrafiltration to compare pretreatment process of
reverse osmosis feedwater, Desalination, 131 (2000) 201–214.
- K.R. Murphy, C.A. Stedmon, D. Waite, G.M. Ruiz, Distinguishing
between terrestrial and autochthonous organic matter sources
in marine environments using fluorescence spectroscopy, Mar.
Chem., 108 (2008) 40–58.
- K.R. Murphy, C.A. Stedmon, D. Graeber, R. Bro, Fluorescence
spectroscopy and multi-way techniques. PARAFAC, Anal.
Methods, 5 (2013) 6541–6882.
- N. Voutchkov, Desalination Engineering: Operation and
Maintenance, McGraw Hill, 2014.
- S.-N. Nam, Characterization and Differentiation of Wastewater
Effluent Organic Matter (EfOM) versus Drinking Water Natural
Organic Matter (NOM): Implications for Indirect Potable
Reuse, Department of Civil, Environmental, & Architectural
Engineering, University of Colorado, 2011.
- E. Bar-Zeev, N. Belkin, B. Liberman, T. Berman, I. Berman-
Frank, Rapid sand filtration pretreatment for SWRO: microbial
maturation dynamics and filtration efficiency of organic matter,
Desalination, 286 (2012) 120–130.
- C. Halle, P.M. Huck, S. Peldszus, J. Haberkamp, M. Jekel,
Assessing the performance of biological filtration as
pretreatment to low pressure membrane for drinking water,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 43 (2009) 3878–3884.
- K. Majamaa, J.E. Johnson, U. Bertheas, Three steps to control
biofouling in reverse osmosis systems, Desal. Wat. Treat.,
42 (2012) 107–116.
- U. Bertheas, K. Majamaa, A. Arzu, R. Pahnke, Use of DBNPA
to control biofouling in RO systems, Desal. Wat. Treat., 3 (2009)
175–178.