References

  1. P.S. Goh, T. Matsuura, A.F. Ismail, N. Hilal, Recent trends in membranes and membrane processes for desalination, Desalination, 391 (2016) 43–60.
  2. J. Imbrogno, J.J. Keating, J. Kilduff, G. Belfort, Critical aspects of RO desalination: a combination strategy, Desalination, 401 (2017) 68–87.
  3. D.E. Sachit, J.N. Veenstra, Analysis of reverse osmosis membrane performance during desalination of simulated brackish surface waters, J. Membr. Sci., 453 (2014) 136–154.
  4. R.H.S. AL-Suhaili, N.O. Nasser, Water quality indices for Tigris River in Baghdad City, J. Eng., Univ. Baghdad, 14 (2008) 2656–2668.
  5. S. Jiang, Y. Li, B.P. Ladewig, A review of reverse osmosis membrane fouling and control strategies, Sci Total Environ., 595 (2017) 567–583.
  6. G. Foley, Membrane Filtration, A Problem Solving Approach with MATLAB, 1st ed., Cambridge University Press, The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, UK, 2013.
  7. T.A. Ruehr, E. Ruehr, T.R. Gong, Reverse Osmosis Water Recover Method, Google Patents, Earth Renaissance Technologies, LLC, USA, 2010.
  8. P. Cay-Durgun, C. McCloskey, J. Konecny, A. Khosravi, M.L. Lind, Evaluation of thin film nanocomposite reverse osmosis membranes for long-term brackish water desalination performance, Desalination, 404 (2017) 304–312.
  9. J. Kucera, Reverse Osmosis: Industrial Applications and Processes, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2015.
  10. T.A. Saleh, V.K. Gupta, Membrane Classification and Membrane Operations, Nanomaterial and Polymer Membranes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2016, pp. 55–82.
  11. D.M. Libotean, Modeling the Reverse Osmosis Processes Performance using Artificial Neural Networks, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain, 2007, p. 179.
  12. K.P. Lee, T.C. Arnot, D. Mattia, A review of reverse osmosis membrane materials for desalination—Development to date and future potential, J. Membr. Sci., 370 (2011) 1–22.
  13. I. Koyuncu, R. Sengur, T. Turken, S. Guclu, M.E. Pasaoglu, Advances in Water Treatment by Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, and Nanofiltration, A. Basile, A. Cassano, N.K. Rastogi, Eds., Advances in Membrane Technologies for Water Treatment: Materials, Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy, Cambridge, UK, 2015, pp. 83–128.
  14. M.L. Davis, Water and Wastewater Engineering: Design Principles and Practice, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York, NY, 2010.
  15. A.F. Ismail, M. Padaki, N. Hilal, T. Matsuura, W.J. Lau, Thin film composite membrane—recent development and future potential, Desalination, 356 (2015) 140–148.
  16. N.N. Li, A.G. Fane, W.S.W. Ho, T. Matsuura, Advanced Membrane Technology and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2008.
  17. J. Cotruvo, N. Voutchkov, J. Fawell, P. Payment, D. Cunliffe, S. Lattemann, Desalination Technology: Health and Environmental Impacts, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, International Water Association (IWA) Publishing, London, UK, 2010.
  18. National Research Council, Desalination: A National Perspective, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., USA, 2008.
  19. L. Malaeb, G.M. Ayoub, Reverse osmosis technology for water treatment: state of the art review, Desalination, 267 (2011) 1–8.
  20. D.E. Sachit, Effect of several parameters on membrane fouling by using mathematical models of reverse osmosis membrane system, Al-Nahrain J. Eng. Sci., 20 (2017) 864–870.
  21. S. Kim, E.M.V. Hoek, Modeling concentration polarization in reverse osmosis processes, Desalination, 186 (2005) 111–128.
  22. D.E. Sachit, J.N. Veenstra, Foulant analysis of three RO membranes used in treating simulated brackish water of the Iraqi marshes, Membranes, 7 (2017) 23.
  23. A. Jawor, E.M.V. Hoek, Effects of feed water temperature on inorganic fouling of brackish water RO membranes, Desalination, 235 (2009) 44–57.
  24. D. Norberg, S. Hong, J. Taylor, Y. Zhao, Surface characterization and performance evaluation of commercial fouling resistant low-pressure RO membranes, Desalination, 202 (2007) 45–52.
  25. T. Tran, B. Bolto, S. Gray, M. Hoang, E. Ostarcevic, An autopsy study of a fouled reverse osmosis membrane element used in a brackish water treatment plant, Water Res., 41 (2007) 3915–3923.
  26. A. Ruiz-García, N. Melián-Martel, V. Mena, Fouling characterization of RO membranes after 11 years of operation in a brackish water desalination plant, Desalination, 430 (2018) 180–185.
  27. H.P. Chu, X.Y. Li, Membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor (MBR): sludge cake formation and fouling characteristics, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 90 (2005) 323–331.
  28. M. Karime, S. Bouguecha, B. Hamrouni, RO membrane autopsy of Zarzis brackish water desalination plant, Desalination, 220 (2008) 258–266.
  29. H.L. Yang, C. Huang, J.R. Pan, Characteristics of RO foulants in a brackish water desalination plant, Desalination, 220 (2008) 353–358.
  30. W. Arras, N. Ghaffour, A. Hamou, Performance evaluation of BWRO desalination plant—a case study, Desalination, 235 (2009) 170–178.
  31. H.N. Al-Tikrity, Forecasting of Pollution Levels in Accordance with Discharge Reduction in Selected Area on Euphrates River, M.Sc. Thesis, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq, 2001.
  32. N. Aghazadeh, A.A. Mogaddam, Assessment of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural uses in the Oshnavieh Area, northwest of Iran, J. Environ. Protect., 1 (2010) 30–40.
  33. S.M. Hill, Qualitative evaluation of the groundwater suitability in Al-Musayyib project area for irrigation, J. Al-Taqani Foundation of Technical Education, 21 (2008) A66–A74.
  34. G.U.N.T., Experiment Instructions; CE530, Reverse Osmosis, G.U.N.T.G. GmbH, Ed., Hamburg, Germany, 2011.
  35. E.M. Hoek, M. Elimelech, Cake-enhanced concentration polarization: a new fouling mechanism for salt-rejecting membranes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37 (2003) 5581–5588.
  36. A. Alkhudhiri, N. Darwish, N. Hilal, Membrane distillation: a comprehensive review, Desalination, 287 (2012) 2–18.
  37. D.M. Warsinger, J. Swaminathan, E. Guillen-Burrieza, H.A. Arafat, J.H. Lienhard V, Scaling and fouling in membrane distillation for desalination applications: a review, Desalination, 356 (2015) 294–313.
  38. S. Nisan, B. Commerçon, S. Dardour, A new method for the treatment of the reverse osmosis process, with preheating of the feedwater, Desalination, 182 (2005) 483–495.
  39. J.-S. Choi, J.-T. Kim, Modeling of full-scale reverse osmosis desalination system: influence of operational parameters, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 21 (2015) 261–268.
  40. M. Sarai Atab, A.J. Smallbone, A.P. Roskilly, A hybrid reverse osmosis/adsorption desalination plant for irrigation and drinking water, Desalination, 444 (2018) 44–52.
  41. X. Jin, A, Jawor, S. Kim, E.M.V. Hoek, Effects of feed water temperature on separation performance and organic fouling of brackish water RO membranes, Desalination, 239 (2009) 346–359.
  42. B. Tansel, J. Sager, J. Garland, S. Xu, Effect of transmembrane pressure on overall membrane resistance during cross-flow filtration of solutions with high-ionic content, J. Membr. Sci., 328 (2009) 205–210.
  43. M. Sarai Atab, A.J. Smallbone, A.P. Roskilly, An operational and economic study of a reverse osmosis desalination system for potable water and land irrigation, Desalination, 397 (2016) 174–184.
  44. M. Abou Rayan, I. Khaled, Seawater desalination by reverse osmosis (case study), Desalination, 153 (2003) 245–251.
  45. Q. She, R. Wang, A.G. Fane, C.Y. Tang, Membrane fouling in osmotically driven membrane processes: a review, J. Membr. Sci., 499 (2016) 201–233.
  46. C. Tzotzi, T. Pahiadaki, S.G. Yiantsios, A.J. Karabelas, N. Andritsos, A study of CaCO3 scale formation and inhibition in RO and NF membrane processes, J. Membr. Sci., 296 (2007) 171–184.
  47. A. Antony, J.H. Low, S. Gray, A.E. Childress, P. Le-Clech, G. Leslie, Scale formation and control in high pressure membrane water treatment systems: a review, J. Membr. Sci., 383 (2011) 1–16.