References
- D. Chalchisa, M. Megersa, A. Beyene, Assessment of the quality
of drinking water in storage tanks and its implication on
the safety of urban water supply in developing countries,
Environ. Syst. Res., 1 (2018) 6–12.
- China Market Monitor Co. www.monitor.com.cn/report.aspx.
2016.
- B.E. Obinaju, A. Alaoma, F.L. Martin, Novel sensor technologies
towards environmental health monitoring in urban environments:
a case study in the Niger Delta (Nigeria), Environ.
Pollut., 192 (2014) 222–231.
- J.S. Baker, L.Y. Dudley, Biofouling in membrane systems - A
review, Desalination, 118 (1998) 81–89.
- H.C. Flemming, Reverse osmosis membrane biofouling, Exp.
Therm. Fluid Sci., 14 (1997) 382–391.
- C.Y. Tang, T.H. Chong, A.G. Fane, Colloidal interactions and
fouling of NF and RO membranes: a review, Adv. Colloid
Interf. Sci., 164 (2011) 126–143.
- M. Al-Ahmad, F.A. Abdul Aleem, A. Mutiri, A. Ubaisy, Membranes
in drinking and industrial water production biofuoling
in RO membrane systems Part 1: Fundamentals and control,
Desalination, 132 (2000) 173–179.
- M. Xie, W. Luo, S.R. Gray, Synchrotron fourier transform infrared
mapping: A novel approach for membrane fouling characterization,
Water Res., 111 (2017) 375–381.
- C.M. Pang, P. Hong, H. Guo, W.T. Liu, Biofilm formation characteristics
of bacterial isolates retrieved from a reverse osmosis
membrane, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39 (2005) 7541–7550.
- M. Herzberg, M. Elimelech, Physiology and genetic traits of
reverse osmosis membrane biofilms: a case study with Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, ISME J., 2 (2008) 180–194.
- L. Cui, P.Y. Chen, B.F. Zhang, D.Y. Zhang, J.Y. Li, F.L. Martin,
K.S. Zhang, Interrogating chemical variation via layer-bylayer
SERS during biofouling and cleaning of nanofiltration
membranes with further investigations into cleaning efficiency,
Water Res., 87 (2015) 282–291.
- T. De La. Torre, M. Harff, B. Lesjean, A. Drews, M. Kraume,
Characterisation of polysaccharide fouling of an ultra filtration
membrane using model solutions, Desal. Water Treat., 8
(2009) 17–23.
- L.A. Bereschenko, H. Prummel, G.J. Euverink, A.J. Stams, M.C.
Loosdrecht, Effect of conventional chemical treatment on the
microbial population in a biofouling layer of reverse osmosis
systems, Water Res., 45 (2011) 405–416.
- Q. Li, M. Elimelech, Synergistic effects in combined fouling
of a loose nanofiltration membrane by colloidal materials and
natural organic matter, J. Membr. Sci., 278 (2006) 72–82.
- I. Demir, M.E. Pasaoglu, S. Guclu, T. Turken, S. Yildiz, V. Balahorli,
I. Koyuncu, Foulant and chemical cleaning analysis of
ultra filtration membrane used in landfill leachate treatment,
Desal. Water Treat., 77 (2017) 142–148.
- H.C. Flemming, G. Schaule, Biofouling on membranes - A
microbiological approach, Desalination, 70 (1988) 95–119.
- H.C. Flemming, G. Schaule, T. Griebe, J. Schmitt, A. Tamachkiarowa,
Biofouling—the achilles heel of membrane processes,
Desalination, 113 (1997) 215–225.
- S. Efrima, L. Zeiri, Under standing SERS of bacteria, J. Raman
Spectrosc., 40 (2009) 277–288.
- S. Nie, S.R. Emory, Probing single molecules and single
nanoparticles by surface-enhanced Raman scattering, Science,
275 (1997) 1102–1106.
- N.P. Ivleva, M. Wagner, A. Szkola, H. Horn, R. Niessner, C.
Haisch, Label-free in situ SERS imaging of biofilms, J. Phys.
Chem. B., 114 (2010) 10184–10194.
- Y. Chao, T. Zhang, Surface-enhanced raman scattering (SERS)
revealing chemical variation during biofilm formation: from
initial attachment to mature biofilm, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 404
(2012) 1465–1475.
- L. Cui, M. Yao, B. Ren, K.S. Zhang, Sensitive and versatile
detection of the fouling process and fouling propensity of proteins
on polyvinylidene fluoride membranes via surface-enhanced
raman spectroscopy, Anal. Chem., 83 (2011) 1709–1716.
- P.Y. Chen, L. Cui, K.S. Zhang, Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
monitoring the development of dual-species biofouling
on membrane surfaces, J. Membr. Sci., 473 (2015) 36–44.
- G. Frens, Z. Kolloid, J. Turkevich, J. Hillier, P.C. Stevenson, Controlled
nucleation for the regulation of the particle size in mono
disperse gold suspensions, Nature Phys. Sci., 241 (1973) 20–22.
- L. Cui, P.Y. Chen, S.D. Chen, Z.H. Yuan, C.P. Yu, B. Ren, K.S.
Zhang, In situ study of the antibacterial activity and mechanism
of action of silver nanoparticles by surface-enhanced
Raman spectroscopy, Anal. Chem., 85 (2013) 5436–5443.
- L. Cui, S.D. Chen, K.S. Zhang, Effect of toxicity of Ag nanoparticles
on SERS spectral variance of bacteria, Spectrochim. Acta,
Part A, 137 (2015) 1061–1066.
- F.L. Martin, J.G. Kelly, V. Llabjani, P.L. Martin-Hirsch, I.I. Patel,
J. Trevisan, N.J. Fullwood, M.J. Walsh, Distinguishing cell
types or populations based on the computational analysis of
their infrared spectra, Nat. Protoc., 5 (2010) 1748–1760.
- M. Herzberg, D. Berry, L. Raskin, Impact of micro filtration
treatment of secondary wastewater effluent on biofouling of
reverse osmosis membranes, Water Res., 44 (2010) 167–176.
- E.M. Hoek, M. Elimelech, Cake-enhanced concentration polarization:
a new fouling mechanism for salt-rejecting membranes,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 37 (2003) 5581–5588.
- S. Lee, J. Cho, M. Elimelech, Combined influence of natural
organic matter (NOM) and colloidal particles on nanofiltration
membrane fouling, J. Membr. Sci., 262 (2005) 27–41.
- H. Ng, M. Elimelech, Influence of colloidal fouling on rejection
of trace organic contaminants by reverse osmosis, J. Membr.
Sci., 244 (2004) 215–226.
- Q. Li, Z. Xu, I. Pinnau, Fouling of reverse osmosis membranes
by biopolymers in wastewater secondary effluent: Role of
membrane surface properties and initial permeate flux, J.
Membr. Sci., 290 (2007) 173–181.
- M. Herzberg, S. Kang, M. Elimelech, Role of extracellular polymeric
substances (EPS) in biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 43 (2009) 4393–4398.
- W.S. Ang, S. Lee, M. Elimelech, Chemical and physical aspects
of cleaning of organic-fouled reverse osmosis membranes, J.
Membr. Sci., 272 (2006) 198–210.
- W. Ang, M. Elimelech, Protein (BSA) fouling of reverse osmosis
membranes: Implications for wastewater reclamation, J.
Membr. Sci., 296 (2007) 83–92.
- L.A. Bereschenko, A.J. Stams, G.J. Euverink, M.C. Loosdrecht,
Biofilm formation on reverse osmosis membranes is initiated
and dominated by Sphingomonas spp, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.,
76 (2010) 2623–2632.
- Y. Baek, J. Yu, S.H. Kim, S. Lee, J. Yoon, Effect of surface properties
of reverse osmosis membranes on biofouling occurrence
under filtration conditions, J. Membr. Sci., 382 (2011) 91–99.
- W. Lee, C.H. Ahn, S. Hong, S. Kim, S. Lee, Y. Baek, J. Yoon, Evaluation
of surface properties of reverse osmosis membranes on
the initial biofouling stages under no filtration condition, J.
Membr. Sci., 351 (2010) 112–122.
- J.S. Andrews, S.A. Rolfe, W.E. Huang, J.D. Scholes, S.A. Banwart,
Biofilm formation in environmental bacteria is influenced
by different macromolecules depending on genus and
species, Environ. Microbiol., 12 (2010) 2496–2507.
- H.C. Flemming, J. Wingender, The biofilm matrix, Nat. Rev.
Microbiol., 8 (2010) 623–633.
- C.B. Whitchurch, T. Tolker-Nielsen, P.C. Ragas, J.S. Mattick,
Extracellular DNA required for bacterial biofilm formation,
Science, 295 (2002) 1487.
- W.T. Cheng, M.T. Liu, H.N. Liu, S.Y. Lin, Micro-Raman spectroscopy
used to identify and grade human skin pilomatrixoma,
Microsc. Res. Tech., 68 (2005) 75–79.
- Z. Huang, H. Lui, D.I. McLean, M. Korbelik, H. Zeng, Raman
spectroscopy in combination with background near-infrared
autofluorescence enhances the in vivo assessment of malignant
tissues, Photochem. Photobiol., 81 (2005) 1219–1226.
- A. Conrad, M.K. Suutari, M.M. Keinanen, A. Cadoret, P. Faure,
L. Mansuy-Huault, J.C. Block, Fatty acids of lipid fractions in
extracellular polymeric substances of activated sludge flocs,
Lipids, 38 (2003) 1093–1105.
- B. Frølund, R. Palmgren, K. Keiding, P.H. Nielsen, Extraction
of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation
exchange resin, Water Res., 30 (1996) 1749–1758.
- K. Kimura, Y. Oki, Efficient control of membrane fouling in MF
by removal of biopolymers: Comparison of various pretreatments,
Water Res., 115 (2017) 172–179.
- J.W. Chan, D.S. Taylor, T. Zwerdling, S.M. Lane, K. Ihara, T.
Huser, Micro-Raman spectroscopy detects individual neoplastic
and normal hematopoietic cells, Biophys. J., 90 (2006)
648–656.
- X. Li, T. Yang, S. Lib, T. Yu, Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
differences of saliva between lung cancer patients and
normal people, European Conference on Biomedical Optics.
Optical Society of America, 2011.