References
- A. Alkhudhiri, N. Darwish, N. Hilal, Membrane distillation:
a comprehensive review, Desalination, 287 (2012) 2–18.
- J. Koo, S. Lee, J.-S. Choi, T.-M. Hwang, Theoretical analysis of
different membrane distillation modules, Desal. Wat. Treat.,
54 (2015) 862–870.
- I. Hitsov, T. Maere, K. De Sitter, C. Dotremont, I. Nopens,
Modelling approaches in membrane distillation: a critical review,
Sep. Purif. Technol., 142 (2015) 48–64.
- A. Luo, N. Lior, Critical review of membrane distillation
performance criteria, Desal. Wat. Treat., 57 (2016) 20093–20140.
- M. Gryta, K. Karakulski, A.W. Morawski, Purification of oily
wastewater by hybrid UF/MD, Water Res., 35 (2001) 3665–3669.
- A. Criscuoli, E. Drioli, Energetic and exergetic analysis of
an integrated membrane desalination system, Desalination,
124 (1999) 243–249.
- H. Kurokawa, H. Sawa, Heat recovery characteristics of
membrane distillation, Heat Transfer Jpn. Res., 25 (1996)
135–150.
- J. Blanco Gálvez, L. García-Rodríguez, I. Martín-Mateos,
Seawater desalination by an innovative solar-powered membrane
distillation system: the MEDESOL project, Desalination,
246 (2009) 567–576.
- F.A. Banat, J. Simandl, Desalination by membrane distillation:
a parametric study, Sep. Sci. Technol., 33 (1998) 201–226.
- C.-D. Ho, T.-J. Yang, Y.-C. Chuang, Performance improvement
of countercurrent-flow direct contact membrane distillation
in seawater desalination systems, Desal. Wat. Treat., 51 (2013)
5113–5120.
- M.A. Izquierdo-Gil, M.C. García-Payo, C. Fernández-Pineda,
Air gap membrane distillation of sucrose aqueous solutions,
J. Membr. Sci., 155 (1999) 291–307.
- P.P. Zolotarev, V.V. Ugrozov, I.B. Volkina, V.M. Nikulin,
Treatment of waste water for removing heavy metals by
membrane distillation, J. Hazard. Mater., 37 (1994) 77–82.
- G. Zakrzewska-Trznadel, M. Harasimowicz, A.G. Chmielewski,
Concentration of radioactive components in liquid low-level
radioactive waste by membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci.,
163 (1999) 257–264.
- V.D. Alves, I.M. Coelhoso, Orange juice concentration by
osmotic evaporation and membrane distillation: a comparative
study, J. Food Eng., 74 (2006) 125–133.
- S. Gunko, S. Verbych, M. Bryk, N. Hilal, Concentration
of apple juice using direct contact membrane distillation,
Desalination, 190 (2006) 117–124.
- M.P. Godino, L. Peña, C. Rincón, J.I. Mengual, Water production
from brines by membrane distillation, Desalination, 108 (1997)
91–97.
- S.T. Hsu, K.T. Cheng, J.S. Chiou, Seawater desalination by
direct contact membrane distillation, Desalination, 143 (2002)
279–287.
- V. Calabro, B.L. Jiao, E. Drioli, Theoretical and experimental
study on membrane distillation in the concentration of orange
juice, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 33 (1994) 1803–1808.
- M. Tomaszewska, M. Gryta, A.W. Morawski, Study on the
concentration of acids by membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci.,
102 (1995) 113–122.
- C. Huayan, W. Chunrui, J. Yue, W. Xuan, L. Xiaolong,
Comparison of three membrane distillation configurations and
seawater desalination by vacuum membrane distillation, Desal.
Wat. Treat., 28 (2011) 321–327.
- Y. Yun, J. Wang, R. Ma, A.G. Fane, Effects of channel spacers
on direct contact membrane distillation, Desal. Wat. Treat.,
34 (2011) 63–69.
- J. Koo, J. Han, J. Sohn, S. Lee, T.-M. Hwang, Experimental
comparison of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD)
with vacuum membrane distillation (VMD), Desal. Wat. Treat.,
51 (2013) 6299–6309.
- K.W. Lawson, D.R. Lloyd, Membrane distillation, J. Membr.
Sci., 124 (1997) 1–25.
- M.S. El-Bourawi, Z. Ding, R. Ma, M. Khayet, A framework for
better understanding membrane distillation separation process,
J. Membr. Sci., 285 (2006) 4–29.
- A.O. Imdakm, T. Matsuura, Simulation of heat and mass
transfer in direct contact membrane distillation (MD): the effect
of membrane physical properties, J. Membr. Sci., 262 (2005)
117–128.
- M. Khayet, A. Velázquez, J.I. Mengual, Modelling mass transport
through a porous partition: effect of pore size distribution,
J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn., 29 (2004) 279–299.
- J. Phattaranawik, R. Jiraratananon, A.G. Fane, Effect of pore
size distribution and air flux on mass transport in direct contact
membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 215 (2003) 75–85.
- L. Martı́nez, F.J. Florido-Dı́az, A. Hernández, P. Prádanos,
Estimation of vapor transfer coefficient of hydrophobic porous
membranes for applications in membrane distillation, Sep.
Purif. Technol., 33 (2003) 45–55.
- A.O. Imdakm, T. Matsuura, A Monte Carlo simulation model
for membrane distillation processes: direct contact (MD),
J. Membr. Sci., 237 (2004) 51–59.
- M. Khayet, N.N. Li, A.G. Fane, W.S. Winston Ho, Membrane
Distillation: Advance Membrane Technology and Applications,
John Wiley, New Jersey, USA, 2008.
- M. Mulder, Basic Principles of Membrane Technology, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Netherlands, 2003.
- M. Khayet, J.I. Mengual, G. Zakrzewska-Trznadel, Direct
contact membrane distillation for nuclear desalination. Part
I: review of membranes used in membrane distillation and
methods for their characterisation, Int. J. Nucl. Desalin., 1 (2005)
435–449.
- C. Feng, B. Shi, G. Li, Y. Wu, Preparation and properties of
microporous membrane from poly(vinylidene fluoride-cotetrafluoroethylene)
(F2.4) for membrane distillation, J. Membr.
Sci., 237 (2004) 15–24.
- K.W. Lawson, M.S. Hall, D.R. Lloyd, Compaction of microporous
membranes used in membrane distillation. I. Effect on
gas permeability, J. Membr. Sci., 101 (1995) 99–108.
- J. Walton, H. Lu, C. Turner, S. Solis, H. Hein, Solar and Waste
Heat Desalination by Membrane Distillation, College of
Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso El Paso,Texas, USA,
2004.
- A. Kullab, A. Martin, Membrane distillation and applications
for water purification in thermal cogeneration plants, Sep.
Purif. Technol., 76 (2011) 231–237.
- L.D. Nghiem, F. Hildinger, F.I. Hai, T. Cath, Treatment of saline
aqueous solutions using direct contact membrane distillation,
Desal. Wat. Treat., 32 (2011) 234–241.
- B.L. Pangarkar, S.K. Deshmukh, V.S. Sapkal, R.S. Sapkal,
Review of membrane distillation process for water purification,
Desal. Wat. Treat., 57 (2016) 2959–2981.
- K. Okiel, A.H.M. El-Aassar, T. Temraz, S. El-Etriby, H.A. Shawky,
Vacuum enhanced direct contact membrane distillation for oil
field produced water desalination: specific energy consumption
and energy efficiency, Desal. Wat. Treat., 57 (2016) 11945–11955.
- P. Moghaddam Kamrani, O. Bakhtiari, P. Kazemi, T. Mohammadi,
Theoretical modeling of direct contact membrane
distillation (DCMD): effects of operation parameters on flux,
Desal. Wat. Treat., 56 (2015) 2013–2022.
- G.A. Fimbres-Weihs, D.E. Wiley, Review of 3D CFD modeling
of flow and mass transfer in narrow spacer-filled channels in
membrane modules, Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif.,
49 (2010) 759–781.
- H.K. Versteeg, W. Malalasekera, An Introduction to Computational
Fluid Dynamics: The Finite Volume Method, Prentice
Hall, London, 1995.
- J.D. Anderson, G. Degrez, J. Degroote, E. Dick, R. Grundmann,
J. Vierendeels, Computational Fluid Dynamics: An Introduction,
3rd ed., Springer, Berlin, 2009.
- R. Ghidossi, D. Veyret, P. Moulin, Computational fluid dynamics
applied to membranes: state of the art and opportunities, Chem.
Eng. Process. Process Intensif., 45 (2006) 437–454.
- C.P. Koutsou, S.G. Yiantsios, A.J. Karabelas, Direct numerical
simulation of flow in spacer-filled channels: effect of spacer
geometrical characteristics, J. Membr. Sci., 291 (2007) 53–69.
- S.K. Karode, A. Kumar, Flow visualization through spacer filled
channels by computational fluid dynamics I.: pressure drop
and shear rate calculations for flat sheet geometry, J. Membr.
Sci., 193 (2001) 69–84.
- V.V. Ranade, A. Kumar, Fluid dynamics of spacer filled
rectangular and curvilinear channels, J. Membr. Sci., 271 (2006)
1–15.
- F. Li, W. Meindersma, A.B. de Haan, T. Reith, Optimization of
commercial net spacers in spiral wound membrane modules,
J. Membr. Sci., 208 (2002) 289–302.
- M. Rahimi, S.S. Madaeni, K. Abbasi, CFD modeling of permeate
flux in cross-flow microfiltration membrane, J. Membr. Sci., 255
(2005) 23–31.
- F. Banat, N. Jwaied, Economic evaluation of desalination by
small-scale autonomous solar-powered membrane distillation
units, Desalination, 220 (2008) 566–573.
- R.B. Saffarini, E.K. Summers, H.A. Arafat, J.H. Lienhard V,
Economic evaluation of stand-alone solar powered membrane
distillation systems, Desalination, 299 (2012) 55–62.
- S. Al-Obaidani, E. Curcio, F. Macedonio, G. Di Profio,
H. Al-Hinai, E. Drioli, Potential of membrane distillation in
seawater desalination: thermal efficiency, sensitivity study and
cost estimation, J. Membr. Sci., 323 (2008) 85–98.
- S. Bouguecha, B. Hamrouni, M. Dhahbi, Small scale desalination
pilots powered by renewable energy sources: case studies,
Desalination, 183 (2005) 151–165.
- Y.J. Choi, S. Lee, J. Koo, S.H. Kim, Evaluation of economic
feasibility of reverse osmosis and membrane distillation
hybrid system for desalination, Desal. Wat. Treat., 57 (2016)
24662–24673.
- A.M. Alklaibi, N. Lior, Membrane-distillation desalination:
status and potential, Desalination, 171 (2005) 111–131.
- G.W. Meindersma, C.M. Guijt, A.B. de Haan, Desalination and
water recycling by air gap membrane distillation, Desalination,
187 (2006) 291–301.
- G. Zuo, R. Wang, R. Field, A.G. Fane, Energy efficiency
evaluation and economic analyses of direct contact membrane
distillation system using Aspen Plus, Desalination, 283 (2011)
237–244.
- J. Blazek, Computational Fluid Dynamics: Principles and
Applications, Elsevier B.V., Netherlands, 2015.
- M. Shakaib, S.M.F. Hasani, I. Ahmed, R.M. Yunus, A CFD study
on the effect of spacer orientation on temperature polarization
in membrane distillation modules, Desalination, 284 (2012)
332–340.
- X. Yang, H. Yu, R. Wang, A.G. Fane, Optimization of
microstructured hollow fiber design for membrane distillation
applications using CFD modeling, J. Membr. Sci., 421–422 (2012)
258–270.
- S. Al-Sharif, M. Albeirutty, A. Cipollina, G. Micale, Modelling
flow and heat transfer in spacer-filled membrane distillation
channels using open source CFD code, Desalination, 311 (2013)
103–112.
- D.E. Wiley, D.F. Fletcher, Techniques for computational fluid
dynamics modelling of flow in membrane channels, J. Membr.
Sci., 211 (2003) 127–137.
- A. Katsandri, A theoretical analysis of a spacer filled flat
plate membrane distillation modules using CFD: Part I:
velocity and shear stress analysis, Desalination, 408 (2017)
145–165.
- A. Katsandri, A theoretical analysis of a spacer filled flat
plate membrane distillation modules using CFD: Part II:
temperature polarisation analysis, Desalination, 408 (2017)
166–180.
- Z. Xu, Y. Pan, Y. Yu, CFD simulation on membrane distillation
of NaCl solution, Front. Chem. Eng. China, 3 (2009) 293–297.
- H. Yu, X. Yang, R. Wang, A.G. Fane, Numerical simulation
of heat and mass transfer in direct membrane distillation
in a hollow fiber module with laminar flow, J. Membr. Sci.,
384 (2011) 107–116.
- M. Shakaib, S.M.F. Hasan, M. Mahmood, CFD modeling for
flow and mass transfer in spacer-obstructed membrane feed
channels, J. Membr. Sci., 326 (2009) 270–284.
- J. Schwinge, D.E. Wiley, D.F. Fletcher, A CFD study of unsteady
flow in narrow spacer-filled channels for spiral-wound
membrane modules, Desalination, 146 (2002) 195–201.
- Z. Cao, D.E. Wiley, A.G. Fane, CFD simulations of net-type
turbulence promoters in a narrow channel, J. Membr. Sci.,
185 (2001) 157–176.
- A. Cipollina, A. Di Miceli, J. Koschikowski, G. Micale, L. Rizzuti,
CFD simulation of a membrane distillation module channel,
Desal. Wat. Treat., 6 (2012) 177–183.
- T. Echekki, E. Mastorakos, Turbulent Combustion Modeling:
Advances, New Trends and Perspectives, Springer, New York,
USA, 2011.
- V. Yakhot, S.A. Orszag, Renormalization group analysis of
turbulence. I. Basic theory, J. Sci. Comput., 1 (1986) 3–51.
- B.E. Launder, D.B. Spalding, Mathematical Models of
Turbulence, Academic Press, New York, USA, 1972.
- T.-H. Shih, W.-W. Liou, A. Shabbir, Z. Yang, J. Zhu, A new k-∈
eddy viscosity model for high reynolds number turbulent
flows, Comput. Fluids, 24 (1995) 227–238.
- K. Myrillas, A. Gosset, P. Rambaud, J.M. Buchlin, CFD
simulation of gas-jet wiping process, Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top.,
166 (2009) 93–97.
- F.R. Menter, Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models
for engineering applications, AIAA J., 32 (1994) 1598–1605.
- D.A. Johnson, L.S. King, A mathematically simple turbulence
closure model for attached and separated turbulent boundary
layers, AIAA J., 23 (1985) 1684–1692.
- T.J. Chung, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge
University Press, University of Alabama in Huntsville, 2002.
- ANSYS-FLUENT, ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA, 2017.
- C. Meneveau, J. Katz, Scale-invariance and turbulence models
for large-eddy simulation, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 32 (2000)
1–32.
- P.A.V. Olivares, Acoustic Wave Propagation and Modeling
Turbulent Water Flows with Acoustics for District Heating
Pipes, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 2009.
- V.V. Ranade, A. Kumar, Comparison of flow structures in
spacer-filled flat and annular channels, Desalination, 191 (2006)
236–244.
- X. Yang, H. Yu, R. Wang, A.G. Fane, Analysis of the
effect of turbulence promoters in hollow fiber membrane
distillation modules by computational fluid dynamic (CFD)
simulations, J. Membr. Sci., 415–416 (2012) 758–769.
- M. Shakaib, S.M.F. Hasani, M. Ehtesham-ul Haque, I. Ahmed,
R.M. Yunus, A CFD study of heat transfer through spacer
channels of membrane distillation modules, Desal. Wat. Treat.,
51 (2013) 3662–3674.
- A. Cipollina, G. Micale, L. Rizzuti, Membrane distillation heat
transfer enhancement by CFD analysis of internal module
geometry, Desal. Wat. Treat., 25 (2011) 195–209.
- J. Phattaranawik, R. Jiraratananon, A.G. Fane, Heat transport
and membrane distillation coefficients in direct contact
membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 212 (2003) 177–193.
- M.M.A. Shirazi, A. Kargari, M.J.A. Shirazi, Direct contact
membrane distillation for seawater desalination, Desal. Wat.
Treat., 49 (2012) 368–375.
- H. Yu, X. Yang, R. Wang, A.G. Fane, Analysis of heat and mass
transfer by CFD for performance enhancement in direct contact
membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 405–406 (2012) 38–47.
- J. Seo, Y.M. Kim, J.H. Kim, Spacer optimization strategy for
direct contact membrane distillation: shapes, configurations,
diameters, and numbers of spacer filaments, Desalination,
417 (2017) 9–18.
- J. Zhu, L. Jiang, T. Matsuura, New insights into fabrication of
hydrophobic/hydrophilic composite hollow fibers for direct
contact membrane distillation, Chem. Eng. Sci., 137 (2015) 79–90.
- Z. Song, L. Li, H. Wang, B. Li, S. Wang, DCMD flux curve
characteristics of cross-flow hollow fiber membrane, Desalination,
323 (2013) 107–113.
- M.M.A. Shirazi, A. Kargari, A.F. Ismail, T. Matsuura,
Computational
fluid dynamic (CFD) opportunities applied
to the membrane distillation process: state-of-the-art and
perspectives, Desalination, 377 (2016) 73–90.
- G. Naidu, S. Jeong, S. Vigneswaran, Interaction of humic
substances on fouling in membrane distillation for seawater
desalination, Chem. Eng. J., 262 (2015) 946–957.
- S. Goh, J. Zhang, Y. Liu, A.G. Fane, Membrane distillation
bioreactor (MDBR) – a lower green-house-gas (GHG)
option for industrial wastewater reclamation, Chemosphere,
140 (2015) 129–142.
- S. Goh, Q. Zhang, J. Zhang, D. McDougald, W.B. Krantz,
Y. Liu, A.G. Fane, Impact of a biofouling layer on the vapor
pressure driving force and performance of a membrane
distillation process, J. Membr. Sci., 438 (2013) 140–152.
- M. Gryta, The assessment of microorganism growth in the
membrane distillation system, Desalination, 142 (2002) 79–88.
- M. Krivorot, A. Kushmaro, Y. Oren, J. Gilron, Factors affecting
biofilm formation and biofouling in membrane distillation of
seawater, J. Membr. Sci., 376 (2011) 15–24.
- S.A. Adcock, J.A. McCammon, Molecular dynamics: survey
of methods for simulating the activity of proteins, Chem. Rev.,
106 (2006) 1589–1615.
- M. Karplus, J.A. McCammon, Molecular dynamics simulations
of biomolecules, Nat. Struct. Biol., 9 (2002) 646.
- S.J. Marrink, A.H. de Vries, D.P. Tieleman, Lipids on the move:
simulations of membrane pores, domains, stalks and curves,
Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Biomembr., 1788 (2009) 149–168.
- M. Herzberg, M. Elimelech, Biofouling of reverse osmosis
membranes: role of biofilm-enhanced osmotic pressure,
J. Membr. Sci., 295 (2007) 11–20.
- M.B. Boudinar, W.T. Hanbury, S. Avlonitis, Numerical simulation
and optimisation of spiral-wound modules, Desalination,
86 (1992) 273–290.
- A. Katsandri, An Experimental and CFD Theoretical Study of
Enhancing Mass Flux in Flat Plate Direct Contact Membrane
Distillation, Reading University, Reading, UK, 2011.
- A.R. Da Costa, A.G. Fane, D.E. Wiley, Spacer characterization
and pressure drop modelling in spacer-filled channels for
ultrafiltration, J. Membr. Sci., 87 (1994) 79–98.
- S. Srisurichan, R. Jiraratananon, A.G. Fane, Mass transfer
mechanisms and transport resistances in direct contact membrane
distillation process, J. Membr. Sci., 277 (2006) 186–194.
- G. Rao, S.R. Hiibel, A.E. Childress, Simplified flux prediction
in direct-contact membrane distillation using a membrane
structural parameter, Desalination, 351 (2014) 151–162.
- K.W. Lawson, D.R. Lloyd, Membrane distillation. II. Direct
contact MD, J. Membr. Sci., 120 (1996) 123–133.
- B. Haddadi, C. Jordan, M. Miltner, M. Harasek, Membrane
modeling using CFD: Combined evaluation of mass transfer
and geometrical influences in 1D and 3D, J. Membr. Sci., 563
(2018) 199–209.