References

  1. X. Dong, L.Q. Ma, Y. Li, Characteristics and mechanisms of hexavalent chromium removal by biochar from sugar beet tailing, J. Hazard. Mater., 190 (2011) 909–915.
  2. X. Huang, Y. Liu, S. Liu, X. Tan, Y. Ding, G. Zeng, Y. Zhou, M. Zhang, S. Wang, B. Zheng, Effective removal of Cr(VI) using β-cyclodextrin–chitosan modified biochars with adsorption/reduction bifuctional roles, RSC Adv., 6 (2016) 94–104.
  3. J. Kotaś, Z. Stasicka, Chromium occurrence in the environment and methods of its speciation, Environ. Pollut., 107 (2000) 263–283.
  4. D. Mohan, K.P. Singh, V.K. Singh, Removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution using low-cost activated carbons derived from agricultural waste materials and activated carbon fabric cloth, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44 (2005) 1027–1042.
  5. D. Mohan, C.U. Pittman Jr., Activated carbons and low cost adsorbents for remediation of tri- and hexavalent chromium from water, J. Hazard. Mater., 137 (2006) 762–811.
  6. A. Baral, R.D. Engelken, Chromium-based regulations and greening in metal finishing industries in the USA, Environ. Sci. Policy, 5 (2002) 121–133.
  7. A. Özer, H.S. Altundoğan, M. Erdem, F. Tümen, A study on the Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solutions by steel wool, Environ. Pollut., 97 (1997) 107–112.
  8. S. Chakraborty, J. Dasgupta, U. Farooq, J. Sikder, E. Drioli, S. Curcio, Experimental analysis, modeling and optimization of chromium (VI) removal from aqueous solutions by polymerenhanced ultrafiltration, J. Membr. Sci., 456 (2014) 139–154.
  9. L. Alvarado, I.R. Torres, A. Chen, Integration of ion exchange and electrodeionization as a new approach for the continuous treatment of hexavalent chromium wastewater, Sep. Purif. Technol., 105 (2013) 55–62.
  10. X. Ren, C. Zhao, S. Du, T. Wang, Z. Luan, J. Wang, D. Hou, Fabrication of asymmetric poly (m-phenylene isophthalamide) nanofiltration membrane for chromium(VI) removal, J. Environ. Sci., 22 (2010) 1335–1341.
  11. M.D. Afonso, J.O. Jaber, M.S. Mohsen, Brackish groundwater treatment by reverse osmosis in Jordan, Desalination, 164 (2004) 157–171.
  12. A.A. Karim, M. Kumar, S. Mohapatra, C.R. Panda, A. Singh, Banana peduncle biochar: characteristics and adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution, Int. Res. J. Pure Appl. Chem., 7 (2015) 1–10.
  13. N.-H. Hsu, S.-L. Wang, Y.-H. Liao, S.-T. Huang, Y.-M. Tzou, Y.-M. Huang, Removal of hexavalent chromium from acidic aqueous solutions using rice straw-derived carbon, J. Hazard. Mater., 171 (2009) 1066–1070.
  14. T. Chen, Z. Zhou, S. Xu, H. Wang, W. Lu, Adsorption behavior comparison of trivalent and hexavalent chromium on biochar derived from municipal sludge, Bioresour. Technol., 190 (2015) 388–394.
  15. X.S. Wang, Z.Z. Li, S.R. Tao, Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution using walnut hull, J. Environ. Manage., 90 (2009) 721–729.
  16. B. Choudhary, D. Paul, A. Singh, T. Gupta, Removal of hexavalent chromium upon interaction with biochar under acidic conditions: mechanistic insights and application, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 24 (2017) 16786–16797.
  17. A. Tytłak, P. Oleszczuk, R. Dobrowolski, Sorption and desorption of Cr(VI) ions from water by biochars in different environmental conditions, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 22 (2015) 5985–5994.
  18. D.W. Blowes, C.J. Ptacek, J.L. Jambor, In-situ remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater using permeable reactive walls: laboratory studies, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31 (1997) 3348–3357.
  19. C.E. Turick, W.A. Apel, A bioprocessing strategy that allows for the selection of Cr(VI)-reducing bacteria from soils, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 18 (1997) 247–250.
  20. D. Kołodyńska, R. Wnętrzak, J.J. Leahy, M.H.B. Hayes, W. Kwapiński, Z. Hubicki, Kinetic and adsorptive characterization of biochar in metal ions removal, Chem. Eng. J., 197 (2012) 295–305.
  21. N. Liu, A.B. Charrua, C.-H. Weng, X. Yuan, F. Ding, Characterization of biochars derived from agriculture wastes and their adsorptive removal of atrazine from aqueous solution: a comparative study, Bioresour. Technol., 198 (2015) 55–62.
  22. M. Inyang, B. Gao, Y. Yao, Y. Xue, A.R. Zimmerman, P. Pullammanappallil, X. Cao, Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by biochars derived from anaerobically digested biomass, Bioresour. Technol., 110 (2012) 50–56.
  23. A. Jang, Y. Seo, P.L. Bishop, The removal of heavy metals in urban runoff by sorption on mulch, Environ. Pollut., 133 (2005) 117–127.
  24. M. Aliabadi, I. Khazaei, H. Fakhraee, M.T.H. Mousavian, Hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solutions by using low-cost biological wastes: equilibrium and kinetic studies, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 9 (2012) 319–326.
  25. Y.S. Ho, J.C.Y. Ng, G. McKay, Kinetics of pollutant sorption by biosorbents: review, Sep. Purif. Methods, 29 (2011) 189–232.
  26. V.K. Gupta, D. Mohan, S. Sharma, K.T. Park, Removal of chromium(VI) from electroplating industry wastewater using bagasse fly ash—a sugar industry waste material, Environmentalist, 19 (1998) 129–136.
  27. A.U. Rajapaksha, M.S. Alam, N. Chen, D.S. Alessi, A.D. Igalavithana, D.C.W. Tsang, Y.S. Ok, Removal of hexavalent chromium in aqueous solutions using biochar: chemical and spectroscopic investigations, Sci. Total Environ., 625 (2018) 1567–1573.
  28. W. Liu, J. Zhang, C. Zhang, L. Ren, Preparation and evaluation of activated carbon-based iron-containing adsorbents for enhanced Cr(VI) removal: mechanism study, Chem. Eng. J., 189–190 (2012) 295–302.
  29. B. Yousaf, G. Liu, Q. Abbas, R. Wang, H. Ullah, M.M. Mian, A. Rashid, Enhanced removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous media using a highly stable and magnetically separable rosin-biochar-coated TiO2@C nanocomposite, RSC Adv., 8 (2018) 25983–25996.
  30. D. Mohan, S. Rajput, V.K. Singh, P.H. Steele, C.U. Pittman Jr., Modeling and evaluation of chromium remediation from water using low cost bio-char, a green adsorbent, J. Hazard. Mater., 188 (2011) 319–333.
  31. X.S. Wang, L.F. Chen, F.Y. Li, K.L. Chen, W.Y. Wan, Y.J. Tang, Removal of Cr (VI) with wheat-residue derived black carbon: reaction mechanism and adsorption performance, J. Hazard. Mater., 175 (2010) 816–822.
  32. H. Zhang, X. Yue, F. Li, R. Xiao, Y. Zhang, D. Gu, Preparation of rice straw-derived biochar for efficient cadmium removal by modification of oxygen-containing functional groups, Sci. Total Environ., 631 (2018) 795–802.
  33. A. Kapoor, T. Viraraghavan, Heavy metal biosorption sites in Aspergillus niger, Bioresour. Technol., 61 (1997) 221–227.
  34. Z.-b. Zhang, X.-h. Cao, P. Liang, Y.-h. Liu, Adsorption of uranium from aqueous solution using biochar produced by hydrothermal carbonization, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 295 (2012) 1201–1208.
  35. C.H. Chia, B. Gong, S.D. Joseph, C.E. Marjo, P. Munroe, A.M. Rich, Imaging of mineral-enriched biochar by FTIR, Raman and SEM–EDX, Vib. Spectrosc., 62 (2012) 248–257.
  36. J.R. Araujo, B.S. Archanjo, K.R. De Souza, W. Kwapinski, N.P.S. Falcão, E.H. Novotny, C.A. Achete, Selective extraction of humic acids from an anthropogenic Amazonian dark earth and from a chemically oxidized charcoal, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 50 (2014) 1223–1232.
  37. W. Zhang, J. Cui, C.A. Tao, Y. Wu, Z. Li, L. Ma, Y. Wen, G. Li, A strategy for producing pure single-layer graphene sheets based on a confined self-assembly approach, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 48 (2009) 5864–5868.
  38. C.H. Cheng, J. Lehmann, J.E. Thies, S.D. Burton, M.H. Engelhard, Oxidation of black carbon by biotic and abiotic processes, Org. Geochem., 37 (2006) 1477–1488.
  39. S. Survilienė, R. Juškėnas, V. Jasulaitienė, A. Selskienė, A. Češūnienė, A. Suchodolskis, V. Karpavičienė, Annealing effect on the structural and optical properties of black chromium electro-deposited from the Cr(III) bath, Chemija, 26 (2015) 244–253.
  40. V. Murphy, S.A. Tofail, H. Hughes, P. McLoughlin, A novel study of hexavalent chromium detoxification by selected seaweed species using SEM-EDX and XPS analysis, Chem. Eng. J., 148 (2009) 425–433.