References

Aiman E. AL-Rawajfeh, Hassan E. S. Fath, and A. A. Mabrouk, 2012, Integrated Salts Precipitation and Nano-Filtration as Pretreatment of Multistage Flash Desalination System. Heat Transfer Engineering, 33(3), 272–279.

Alice Antonya, Jor How Lowa, Stephen Gray b, Amy E. Childress C, Pierre Le-Clecha, Greg Lesliea., 2011, Scale formation and control in high pressure membrane water treatment systems: A review. Journal of Membrane Science 383, 1–16.

Amjad Z., Hooley J.,1986, Influence of polyelectrolytes on the crystal growth of calcium sulfate dehydrate. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 111, 496–503.

Astilleros J.M., Fernández-Díaz L., Putnis A., 2010, The role of magnesium in the growth of calcite: an AFM study. Chem. Geol. 271, 52–58.

Chakraborty D., Agarwal V.K., Bhatia S.K., Bellare J.,1994, Steadystate transitions and polymorph transformations in continuous precipitation of calcium carbonate. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 33, 2187–2197.

Chen J.C., Li Q., Elimelech M., 2004, In situ monitoring techniques for concentration polarization and fouling phenomena in membrane filtration. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 107, 83–108.

Chen T., Neville A., Yuan M., 2006, Influence of Mg2+ on CaCO3 formation–bulk precipitation and surface deposition. Chem. Eng. Sci. 61, 5318–5327.

Chidambaram S., Prasanna M.V,. Karmegam U, Singaraja C., Pethaperumal S., Manivannan R., Anandhan P., Tirumalesh K. (2011). “Significance of pCO2 values in determining carbonate chemistry in groundwater of Pondicherry region, India” Frontiers of Earth Science, 5(2), 197–206.

Chong T.H., Wong F.S., Fane A.G., 2007, Enhanced concentration polarization by unstirred fouling layers in reverse osmosis: detection by sodium chloride tracer response technique, J. Membr. Sci. 287, 198–210.

Darton E.G., Fazell M. A, 2001, Statistical review of 150 membrane autopsies. In: 62nd Annual International Water Conference, Pittsburgh.

Dydo P., Turek M., Ciba J., 2003, Scaling analysis of nanofiltration systems fed with saturated calcium sulfate solutions in the presence of carbonate ions. Desalination 159, 245–251.

Greenlee L.F., Lawler D.F., Freeman B.D., Marrot B., Moulin P., 2009, Reverse osmosis desalination: water sources, technology, and today’s challenges. Water Res. 43, 2317–2348.

Greenlee L.F., Testa F., Lawler D.F., Freeman B.D., Moulin P., 2010, The effect of antiscalant addition on calcium carbonate precipitation for a simplified synthetic brackish water reverse osmosis concentrate. Water Res. 44, 2957–2969.

Hamdona S.K., Nessim R.B., Hamza S.M., 1993, Spontaneous precipitation of calcium sulphate dihydrate in the presence of some metal ions. Desalination 94, 69–80.

Hoek E.M.V., Allred J., Knoell T., Jeong B.-H., 2008, Modeling the effects of fouling on full-scale reverse osmosis processes. J. Membr. Sci. 314, 33–49.

Klepetsanis P.G., Koutsoukos P.G., 1989, Precipitation of calcium sulfate dihydrate at constant calcium activity. J. Cryst. Growth 98, 480–486.

Klepetsanis, P.G., 1995, The calcite–hydroxypatite system. In: Amjad, Z. (Ed.), Crystal Growth Studies in Aqueous Solution, in Mineral Scale Formation and Inhibition. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 251.

Lee S., C.-H. Lee, 2000, Effect of operating conditions on CaSO4 scale formation mechanism in nanofiltration for water softening. Water Res. 34, 3854–3866.

Lee S., Kim J., Lee C.-H., 1999, Analysis of CaSO4 scale formation mechanism in various nanofiltration modules. J. Membr. Sci. 163, 63–74.

Lee S., Lee C.H., 2005, Scale formation in NF/RO: mechanism and control. Water Sci. Technol. 51, 267–275.

Mucci A., Morse J.W,. 1983, The incorporation of Mg2+ and Sr2+ into calcite overgrowths: influences of growth rate and solution composition. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 47, 217–233.

Nancollas, G.H., Zieba, A., 1995, Constant composition kinetics studies of the simultaneous crystal growth of alkaline earth carbonates and phosphates. In: Amjad, Z. (Ed.), In Mineral Scale Formation. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 1.

Ogino T., Suzuki T., Sawada K., 1987, The formation and transformation mechanism of calcium carbonate in water, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51, 2757–2767.

Oh H.-J., Choung Y.-K., Lee S., Choi J.-S., Hwang T.-M., Kim J.H., 2009, Scale formation in reverse osmosis desalination: model development. Desalination 238, 333–346.

Okazaki M., Kimura S.,1984, Scale formation on reverse-osmosis membranes, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 17, 145–151.

Parkhust D.L., Appelo C.A.J., 1999, U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigations.

Pena J., B. Buil, Garralón A., Gómez P., Turrero M.J., Escribano A., Garralón G., Gómez M.A., 2010, The Vaterite saturation index can be used as a proxy of the S&DSI in sea water desalination by reverse osmosis process. Desalination 254, 75–79.

Pervov A.G., 1991, Scale formation prognosis and cleaning procedure schedules in reverse osmosis systems operation. Desalination 83, 77–118.

Reddy M.M., Nancollas G.H., 1976, The crystallization of calcium carbonate: IV. The effect of magnesium, strontium and sulfate ions. J. Cryst. Growth 35, 33–38.

Rodriguez-Blanco J.D., Shaw S., Benning L.G., 2011, The kinetics and mechanisms of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) crystallization to calcite, via Vaterite. Nanoscale 3, 265–271.

Sawada K., 1997, The mechanism of crystallization and transformation of calcium carbonates. Pure Appl. Chem. 69, 921–928.

Sheikholeslami, R., 2003a, Nucleation and kinetics of mixed salts in scaling. AIChE J. 49, 193–194. Sheikholeslami, R., 2003b, Mixed salts-scaling limits and propensity. Desalination 154, 117.

Sheikholeslami, R., Ng, M., 2001, Calcium sulfate precipitation in the 425 presence of non-dominant calcium carbonate: thermodynamics and kinetics. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 40, 3570.

Trusdell, AH. and Jones, BF., 1973, WATEQ: A Computer Program For Calculating Chemical Equlibria Of Natural Waters. J Research US Geological Survey, 2(2), 233 – 248.

Tzotzi C., Pahiadaki T., Yiantsios S.G., Karabelas A.J., Andritsos N., 2007, A study of CaCO3 scale formation and inhibition in RO and NF membrane processes. J. Membr. Sci. 296, 171–184.

Wang X.L., Zhang C., Ouyang P., 2002, The possibility of separating saccharides from a NaCl solution by using nanofiltration in diafiltration mode. J. Membr. Sci. 204, 271–281.

Zarga Y., Ben Boubaker H., Ghaffour N., Elfil H., 2013, Study of calcium carbonate and sulfate co-precipitation. Chemical Engineering Science 96, 33–41.