References

  1. W. Li, X. Hai, L. Han, J. Mao, M. Tian, Does urbanization intensify regional water scarcity?, evidence and implications from a megaregion of China, J. Cleaner Prod., (2019) 118592.
  2. Z. Xu, X. Chen, S.R. Wu, M. Gong, Y. Du, J. Wang, Y. Li, J. Liu, Spatial-temporal assessment of water footprint, water scarcity, and crop water productivity in a major crop production region, J. Cleaner Prod., 224 (2019) 375–383.
  3. A.V. Veettil, A.K. Mishra, Potential influence of climate and anthropogenic variables on water security using blue and green water scarcity, Falkenmark index, and freshwater provision indicator, J. Environ. Manage., 228 (2018) 346–362.
  4. I. Bremere, M. Kennedy, A. Stikker, J. Schippers, How water scarcity will effect the growth in the desalination market in the coming 25 years, Desalination, 138 (2001) 7–15.
  5. T.N. Bitaw, K. Park, J. Kim, J.W. Chang, D.R. Yang, Low recovery, -energy-consumption, -emission hybrid systems of seawater desalination: energy optimization and cost analysis, Desalination, 468 (2019) 114085.
  6. H. Frank, K.E. Fussmann, E. Rahav, E. Bar Zeev, Chronic effects of brine discharge form large-scale seawater reverse osmosis desalination facilities on benthic bacteria, Water Res., 151 (2019) 478–487.
  7. A. Mollahosseini, A. Abdelrasoul, S. Sheibany, M. Amini, S.K. Salestan, Renewable energy-driven desalination opportunities – a case study, J. Environ. Manage., 239 (2019) 187–197.
  8. A. Alkaisi, R. Mossad, A. Sharifian-Barforoush, A review of the water desalination systems integrated with renewable energy, Energy Procedia, 110 (2017) 268–274.
  9. A. Panagopoulos, K.-J. Haralambous, M. Loizidou, Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies – a review, Sci. Total Environ., 693 (2019) 133545.
  10. M. Khayet, Membranes and theoretical modeling of membrane distillation: a review, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 164 (2011) 56–88.
  11. M. Rezaei, D.M. Warsinger, M.C. Duke, T. Matsuura, W.M. Samhaber, Wetting phenomena in membrane distillation: mechanisms, reversal, and prevention, Water Res., 139 (2018) 329–352.
  12. G. G, A. G, I. Af, Perspective of renewable desalination by using membrane distillation, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 144 (2019) 520–537.
  13. S. Lee, J. Choi, Y.-G. Park, H. Shon, C.H. Ahn, S.-H. Kim, Hybrid desalination processes for beneficial use of reverse osmosis brine: current status and future prospects, Desalination, 454 (2019) 104–111.
  14. R.A. Tufa, E. Curcio, E. Brauns, W. van Baak, E. Fontananova, G. Di Profio, Membrane distillation and reverse electrodialysis for near-zero liquid discharge and low energy seawater desalination, J. Membr. Sci., 496 (2015) 325–333.
  15. B. Ashoor, S. Mansour, A. Giwa, V. Dufour, S. Hasan, Principles and applications of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD): a comprehensive review, Desalination, 398 (2016) 222–246.
  16. F. Eleiwi, N. Ghaffour, A.S. Alsaadi, L. Francis, T.M. Laleg-Kirati, Dynamic modeling and experimental validation for direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) process, Desalination, 384 (2016) 1–11.
  17. Y. Yang, D. Rana, T. Matsuura, C.Q. Lan, The heat and mass transfer of vacuum membrane distillation: effect of active layer morphology with and without support material, Sep. Purif. Technol., 164 (2016) 56–62.
  18. F.A. Banat, F.A.A. Al-Rub, R. Jumah, M. Al-Shannag, Modeling of desalination using tubular direct contact membrane distillation modules, Sep. Sci. Technol., 34 (1999) 2191–2206.
  19. L. Francis, N. Ghaffour, A.S. Alsaadi, S.P. Nunes, G.L. Amy, Performance evaluation of the DCMD desalination process under bench scale and large scale module operating conditions, J. Membr. Sci., 455 (2014) 103–112.
  20. Q.L. Ve, K. Rahaoui, M. Bawahab, H. Faqeha, A. Date, A. Faghih, A. Akbarzadeh, An experimental heat transfer investigation of using spacer in direct contact membrane distillation, Energy Procedia, 160 (2019) 223–230.
  21. R. Schofield, A. Fane, C. Fell, Heat and mass transfer in membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 33 (1987) 299–313.
  22. J. Zhang, S. Gray, Modeling heat and mass transfers in DCMD using compressible membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 387 (2012) 7–16.
  23. C.-C. Wang, On the heat transfer correlation for membrane distillation, Energy Convers. Manage., 52 (2011) 1968–1973.
  24. M.M. Damtie, Y.C. Woo, B. Kim, K.-D. Park, R.H. Hailemariam, H.K. Shon, J.-S. Choi, Analysis of mass transfer behavior in membrane distillation: mathematical modeling under various conditions, Chemosphere, 236 (2019) 124289.
  25. M. Gryta, Fouling in direct contact membrane distillation process, J. Membr. Sci., 325 (2008) 383–394.
  26. O.R. Lokare, S. Tavakkoli, S. Wadekar, V. Khanna, R.D. Vidic, Fouling in direct contact membrane distillation of produced water from unconventional gas extraction, J. Membr. Sci., 524 (2017) 493–501.
  27. T. Zou, X. Dong, G. Kang, M. Zhou, M. Li, Y. Cao, Fouling behavior, and scaling mitigation strategy of CaSO4 in submerged vacuum membrane distillation, Desalination, 425 (2018) 86–93.
  28. L.D. Nghiem, T. Cath, A scaling mitigation approach during direct contact membrane distillation, Sep. Purif. Technol., 80 (2011) 315–322.
  29. M. Aslam, A. Charfi, G. Lesage, M. Heran, J. Kim, Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment: a review of mechanical cleaning by scouring agents to control membrane fouling, Chem. Eng. J., 307 (2017) 897–913.
  30. F.E. Ahmed, B.S. Lalia, R. Hashaikeh, Membrane-based detection of wetting phenomenon in direct contact membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 535 (2017) 89–93.
  31. F. Kiefer, A. Präbst, T. Sattelmayer, Membrane scaling in vacuum membrane distillation-Part 2: crystallization kinetics and process performance, J. Membr. Sci., 590 (2019) 117293.
  32. Z. Xiao, Z. Li, H. Guo, Y. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Yin, X. Li, J. Song, L.D. Nghiem, T. He, Scaling mitigation in membrane distillation: from superhydrophobic to slippery, Desalination, 466 (2019) 36–43.
  33. Y. Choi, G. Naidu, S. Lee, S. Vigneswaran, Recovery of sodium sulfate from seawater brine using fractional submerged membrane distillation crystallizer, Chemosphere, 238 (2020) 124641.
  34. F. He, J. Gilron, H. Lee, L. Song, K.K. Sirkar, Potential for scaling by sparingly soluble salts in crossflow DCMD, J. Membr. Sci., 311 (2008) 68–80.
  35. D.M. Warsinger, E.W. Tow, J. Swaminathan, Theoretical framework for predicting inorganic fouling in membrane distillation and experimental validation with calcium sulphate, J. Membr. Sci., 528 (2017) 381–390.
  36. M.R. Choudhury, N. Anwar, D. Jassby, M.S. Rahaman, Fouling and wetting in the membrane distillation driven wastewater reclamation process–a review, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 269 (2019) 370–399.
  37. D. Hou, C. Ding, C. Fu, D. Wang, C. Zhao, J. Wang, Electrospun nanofibrous omniphobic membrane for anti-surfactant-wetting membrane distillation desalination, Desalination, 468 (2019) 114068.
  38. W.-U. Rehman, A. Muhammad, M. Younas, C. Wu, Y. Hu, J. Li, Effect of membrane wetting on the performance of PVDF and PTFE membranes in the concentration of pomegranate juice through osmotic distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 584 (2019) 66–78.
  39. Z. Wang, S. Lin, Membrane fouling and wetting in membrane distillation and their mitigation by novel membranes with special wettability, Water Res., 112 (2017) 38–47.
  40. Y. Shin, J. Choi, T. Lee, J. Sohn, S. Lee, Optimization of dewetting conditions for hollow fiber membranes in vacuum membrane distillation, Desal. Water Treat., 57 (2016) 7582–7592.
  41. Y. Shin, H. Cho, J. Choi, Y. Sun Jang, Y.-J. Choi, J. Sohn, S. Lee, J. Choi, Application of response surface methodology (RSM) in the optimization of dewetting conditions for flat sheet membrane distillation (MD) membranes, Desal. Water Treat., 57 (2016) 10020–10030.
  42. S.-M. Park, S. Lee, Influence of hydraulic pressure on performance deterioration of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) process, Membranes, 9 (2019) 37.
  43. P. Yazgan-Birgi, M.I.H. Ali, H.A. Arafat, Comparative performance assessment of flat sheet and hollow fiber DCMD processes using CFD modelling, Sep. Purif. Technol., 212 (2019) 709–722.
  44. J. Zhang, S. Gray, Effect of applied pressure on performance of PTFE membrane in DCMD, J. Membr. Sci., 369 (2011) 514–525.
  45. Z. Yuan, L. Wei, J.D. Afroze, K. Goh, Y. Chen, Y. Yu, Q. She, Y. Chen, Pressure-retarded membrane distillation for low-grade heat recovery: the critical roles of pressure-induced membrane deformation, J. Membr. Sci., 579 (2019) 90–101.
  46. I. Hitsov, L. Eykens, W. De Schepper, K. De Sitter, C. Dotremont, I. Nopens, Full-scale direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) model including membrane compaction effects, J. Membr. Sci., 524 (2017) 245–256.
  47. X. Chen, C. Boo, N.Y. Yip, Low-temperature heat utilization with vapor pressure-driven osmosis: impact of membrane properties on mass and heat transfer, J. Membr. Sci., 588 (2019) 117181.