References

  1. P.H. Gleick, The World’s Water, 2006–2007: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources, Island Press, Washington, DC, 2006.
  2. G. Guillen, E.M.V. Hoek, Modeling the impacts of feed spacer geometry on reverse osmosis and nanofiltration processes, Chem. Eng. J., 149 (2009) 221–231.
  3. M. Busch, W.E. Mickols, Reducing energy consumption in seawater desalination, Desalinatio, 165 (2004) 299–312.
  4. C. Harris, Energy recovery for membrane desalination, Desalination, 125 (1999) 173–180.
  5. C.J. Harrison, Y.A. Le Gouellec, R.C. Cheng, A.E. Childress, Bench-scale testing of nanofiltration for seawater desalination, J. Environ. Eng., 133 (2007) 1004–1014.
  6. K.L. Chen, L.F. Song, S.L. Ong, W.J. Ng, The development of membrane fouling in full-scale RO processes, J. Membr. Sci., 232 (2004) 63–72.
  7. E.M.V. Hoek, J. Allred, T. Knoell, B.-H. Jeong, Modeling the effects of fouling on full-scale reverse osmosis processes, J. Membr. Sci., 314 (2008) 33–49.
  8. T. Someya, K. Inubushi, H. Yamamoto, K. Kato, Recent advances in the study on viable but nonculturable (VBNC) microorganisms in aquatic and soil environments, Soil Microorg., 53 (1999) 45–51.
  9. M. Troussellier, J.L. Bonnefont, C. Courties, A. Derrien, E. Dupray, M. Gauthier, M. Gourmelon, F. Joux, P. Lebaron, Y. Martin, M. Pommepuy, Responses of enteric bacteria to environmental stresses in seawater, Oceanol. Acta, 21 (1998) 965–981.
  10. D.X. Vuong, Two Stage Nanofiltration Seawater Desalination System, US Patent Office, City of Long Beach (Long Beach, CA, US), United States, 2006.
  11. R.A. Horne, Marine Chemistry: The Structure of Water and the Chemistry of the Hydrosphere, Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY, 1969.
  12. L.S. Clesceri, A.E. Greenberg, A.D. Eaton, M.A.H. Franson, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed., American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, 1998.
  13. E. Stackebrandt, M. Goodfellow, Nucleic Scid Techniques in Bacterial Systematics, Wiley, Chichester; New York, NY, 1991.
  14. X. Jin, A. Jawor, S. Kim, E.M.V. Hoek, Effects of feed water temperature on separation performance and organic fouling of brackish water RO membranes, Desalination, 239 (2009) 346–359.
  15. K.-H. Choo, H. Lee, S.-J. Choi, Iron and manganese removal and membrane fouling during UF in conjunction with prechlorination for drinking water treatment, J. Membr. Sci., 267 (2005) 18–26.
  16. A.P. Rao, S.V. Joshi, J.J. Trivedi, C.V. Devmurari, V.J. Shah, Structure-performance correlation of polyamide thin film composite membranes: effect of coating conditions on film formation, J. Membr. Sci., 211 (2003) 13–24.
  17. H.H. Mantsch, D. Chapman, Infrared Spectroscopy of Biomolecules, Wiley-Liss, New York, NY, 1996.
  18. C. Jarusutthirak, G. Amy, Role of soluble microbial products (SMP) in membrane fouling and flux decline, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40 (2006) 969–974.
  19. T. Tran, B. Bolto, S. Gray, M. Hoang, E. Ostarcevic, An autopsy study of a fouled reverse osmosis membrane element used in a brackish water treatment plant, Water Res., 41 (2007) 3915–3923.
  20. S. Mondal, S.R. Wickramasinghe, Produced water treatment by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 322 (2008) 162–170.
  21. A. Bruns, M. Rohde, L. Berthe-Corti, Muricauda ruestringensis gen. nov., sp nov., a facultatively anaerobic, appendaged bacterium from German North Sea intertidal sediment, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 51 (2001) 1997–2006.
  22. H. Agogue, F. Joux, I. Obernosterer, P. Lebaron, Resistance of marine bacterioneuston to solar radiation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71 (2005) 5282–5289.
  23. K.K. Kwon, Y.K. Lee, H.K. Lee, Costertonia aggregata gen. nov., sp nov., a mesophilic marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae, isolated from a mature biofilm, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 56 (2006) 1349–1353.
  24. J.H. Yoon, I.G. Kim, K.H. Kang, T.K. Oh, Y.H. Park, Bacillus marisflavi sp nov and Bacillus aquimaris sp nov., isolated from sea water of a tidal flat of the Yellow Sea in Korea, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 53 (2003) 1297–1303.
  25. Y.H. Hsueh, E.B. Somers, D. Lereclus, A.C.L. Wong, Biofilm formation by Bacillus cereus is influenced by PlcR, a pleiotropic regulator, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72 (2006) 5089–5092.
  26. K.P. Lemon, A.M. Earl, H.C. Vlamakis, C. Aguilar, R. Kolter, Biofilm development with an emphasis on Bacillus subtilis, Corr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 322 (2008) 1–16.
  27. A. Subramani, E.M.V. Hoek, Direct observation of initial microbial deposition onto reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 319 (2008) 111–125.
  28. Y.K. Lee, K.K. Kwon, K.H. Cho, J.H. Park, H.K. Lee, Isolation and identification of bacteria from marine biofilms, Key Eng. Mater., 277–279 (2005) 612–617.
  29. W.S. Ang, S. Lee, M. Elimelech, Chemical and physical aspects of cleaning of organic-fouled reverse osmosis membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 272 (2006) 198–210.