References

  1. A. Bhatnagar, M. Sillanpää, Utilization of agro-industrial and municipal waste materials as potential adsorbents for water treatment—a review, Chem. Eng. J., 157 (2010) 277–296.
  2. A. Bhatnagar, E. Kumar, M. Sillanpää, Fluoride removal from water by adsorption—a review, Chem. Eng. J., 171 (2011) 811–840.
  3. C. Santhosh, V. Velmurugan, G. Jacob, S.K. Jeong, A.N. Grace, A. Bhatnagar, Role of nanomaterials in water treatment applications: a review, Chem. Eng. J., 306 (2016) 1116–1137.
  4. C. Santhosh, R. Nivetha, P. Kollu, V. Srivastava, M. Sillanpää, A.N. Grace, A. Bhatnagar, Removal of cationic and anionic heavy metals from water by 1D and 2D-carbon structures decorated with magnetic nanoparticles, Sci. Rep., 7 (2017) 14107, doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14461-2.
  5. A. Singh, P. Khare, S. Verma, A. Bhati, A.K. Sonker, K.M. Tripathi, S.K. Sonkar, Pollutant soot for pollutant dye degradation: soluble graphene nanosheets for visible light induced photodegradation of methylene blue, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 5 (2017) 8860–8869.
  6. K.M. Tripathi, T.S. Tran, Y.J. Kim, T.Y. Kim, Green fluorescent onion-like carbon nanoparticles from flaxseed oil for visible light induced photocatalytic applications and label-free detection of Al(III) ions, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 5 (2017) 3982–3992.
  7. O. Tavakoli, V. Goodarzi, M.R. Saeb, N.M. Mahmoodi, R. Borja, Competitive removal of heavy metal ions from squid oil under isothermal condition by CR11 chelate ion exchanger, J. Hazard. Mater., 334 (2017) 256–266.
  8. W. Lu, J. Li, Y. Sheng, X. Zhang, J. You, L. Chen, One-pot synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-multiwalled carbon nanotube composites for enhanced removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 505 (2017) 1134–1146.
  9. F. Kiliçel, H. Karapinar, Determination of trace element contents of some spice samples by using FAAS, Asian J. Chem., 30 (2018) 1551–1558.
  10. H.N. Bhatti, Y. Safa, S.M. Yakout, O.H. Shair, M. Iqbal, A. Nazir, Efficient removal of dyes using carboxymethyl cellulose/alginate/polyvinyl alcohol/rice husk composite: adsorption/desorption, kinetics and recycling studies, Int. J. Biol., 150 (2020) 861–870.
  11. M.A. Tahir, H.N. Bhatti, I. Hussain, I.A. Bhatti, M. Asghar, Sol– gel synthesis of mesoporous silica–iron composite: kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics studies for the adsorption of Turquoise-Blue X-GB dye, Z. Phys. Chem., 234 (2020) 233–253.
  12. X. Fang, J. Li, X. Li, S. Pan, X. Zhang, X. Sun, J. Shen, W. Han, L. Wang, Internal pore decoration with polydopamine nanoparticle on polymeric ultrafiltration membrane for enhanced heavy metal removal, Chem. Eng. J., 314 (2017) 38–49.
  13. Y. Li, Z. Xu, S. Liu, J. Zhang, X. Yang, Molecular simulation of reverse osmosis for heavy metal ions using functionalized nanoporous graphenes, Comput. Mater. Sci., 139 (2017) 65–74.
  14. U. Kamran, H.N. Bhatti, M. Iqbal, S. Jamil, M. Zahid, Biogenic synthesis, characterization and investigation of photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity of manganese nanoparticles synthesized from Cinnamomum verum bark extract, J. Mol. Struct., 1179 (2019) 532–539.
  15. N.S. Alharbi, B. Hu, T. Hayat, S.O. Rabah, A. Alsaedi, L. Zhuang, X. Wang, Efficient elimination of environmental pollutants through sorption-reduction and photocatalytic degradation using nanomaterials, Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 14 (2020) 1124–1135.
  16. S. Bahrami, M.R. Yaftian, P. Najvak, L. Dolatyari, H. Shayani-Jam, S.D. Kolev, PVDF-HFP based polymer inclusion membranes containing Cyphos® IL 101 and Aliquat® 336 for the removal of Cr(VI) from sulfate solutions, Sep. Purif. Technol., 250 (2020) 117251, doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117251.
  17. M.H. Dindar, M.R. Yaftian, M. Hajihasani, S. Rostamnia, Refinement of contaminated water by Cr(VI), As(V) and Hg(II) using N-donor ligands arranged on SBA-15 platform; batch and fixed-bed column methods, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 67 (2016) 325–337.
  18. M.H. Dindar, M.R. Yaftian, S. Rostamnia, Potential of functionalized SBA-15 mesoporous materials for decontamination of water solutions from Cr(VI), As(V) and Hg(II) ions, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 3 (2015) 986–995.
  19. T. Shahnaz, V. Sharma, S. Subbiah, S. Narayanasamy, Multivariate optimisation of Cr(VI), Co(III) and Cu(II) adsorption onto nanobentonite incorporated nanocellulose/ chitosan aerogel using response surface methodology, J. Water Process. Eng., 36 (2020) 101283, doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101283.
  20. S. Noreen, H.N. Bhatti, M. Iqbal, F. Hussain, F.M. Sarim, Chitosan, starch, polyaniline and polypyrrole biocomposite with sugarcane bagasse for the efficient removal of Acid Black dye, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 147 (2020) 439–452.
  21. X. Qu, P.J. Alvarez, Q. Li, Applications of nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment, Water Res., 47 (2013) 3931–3946.
  22. K.M. Lee, C.W. Lai, K.S. Ngai, J.C. Juan, Recent developments of zinc oxide based photocatalyst in water treatment technology: a review, Water Res., 88 (2016) 428–448.
  23. V. Bianchi, A. Zantedeschi, A. Montaldi, F. Majone, Trivalent chromium is neither cytotoxic nor mutagenic in permeabilized hamster fibroblasts, Toxicol. Lett., 23 (1984) 51–59.
  24. H. Wu, Y. Xiao, Y. Guo, S. Miao, Q. Chen, Z. Chen, Functionalization of SBA-15 mesoporous materials with 2-acetylthiophene for adsorption of Cr(III) ions, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 292 (2020) 109754, doi: 10.1016/j. micromeso.2019.109754.
  25. S. Ganugapenta, J. Nadimikeri, S.R.R.B. Chinnapolla, L. Ballari, R. Madiga, K. Nirmala, L.P. Tella, Assessment of heavy metal pollution from the sediment of Tupilipalem Coast, southeast coast of India, Int. J. Sediment Res., 33 (2018) 294–302.
  26. L. Tang, G.-D. Yang, G.-M. Zeng, Y. Cai, S.-S. Li, Y.-Y. Zhou, Y. Pang, Y.-Y. Liu, Y. Zhang, B. Luna, Synergistic effect of iron doped ordered mesoporous carbon on adsorption-coupled reduction of hexavalent chromium and the relative mechanism study, Chem. Eng. J., 239 (2014) 114–122.
  27. T. Shahnaz, C. Patra, V. Sharma, N. Selvaraju, A comparative study of raw, acid-modified and EDTA-complexed Acacia auriculiformis biomass for the removal of hexavalent chromium, Chem. Ecol., 36 (2020) 360–381.
  28. H. Lahmar, M. Benamira, F. Akika, M. Trari, Reduction of chromium(VI) on the hetero-system CuBi2O4/TiO2 under solar light, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 110 (2017) 254–259.
  29. L. Vimercati, M.F. Gatti, T. Gagliardi, F. Cuccaro, L. De Maria, A. Caputi, M. Quarato, A. Baldassarre, Environmental exposure to arsenic and chromium in an industrial area, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 24 (2017) 11528–11535.
  30. Q. Cheng, C. Wang, K. Doudrick, C.K. Chan, Hexavalent chromium removal using metal oxide photocatalysts, Appl. Catal., B, 176 (2015) 740–748.
  31. V. Bhusari, R. Dahake, S. Rayalu, A. Bansiwal, Comparative study of removal of hexavalent chromium from water using metal oxide nanoparticles, Adv. Nanopart., 5 (2016) 67–74.
  32. R.R. Ray, Adverse hematological effects of hexavalent chromium: an overview, Interdiscip. Toxicol., 9 (2016) 55–65.
  33. P.B. Tchounwou, C.G. Yedjou, A.K. Patlolla, D.J. Sutton, Heavy metals toxicity and the environment, Mol. Clin. Environ. Toxicol., 101 (2012) 133–164.
  34. K.G. Pavithra, P.S. Kumar, F.C. Christopher, A. Saravanan, Removal of toxic Cr(VI) ions from tannery industrial wastewater using a newly designed three-phase threedimensional electrode reactor, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 110 (2017) 379–385.
  35. D. Huang, G. Wang, Z. Shi, Z. Li, F. Kang, F. Liu, Removal of hexavalent chromium in natural groundwater using activated carbon and cast iron combined system, J. Cleaner Prod., 165 (2017) 667–676.
  36. C. Patra, R.M.N. Medisetti, K. Pakshirajan, S. Narayanasamy, Assessment of raw, acid-modified and chelated biomass for sequestration of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution using Sterculia villosa Roxb. shells, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 26 (2019) 23625–23637.
  37. C. Patra, T. Shahnaz, S. Subbiah, S. Narayanasamy, Comparative assessment of raw and acid-activated preparations of novel Pongamia pinnata shells for adsorption of hexavalent chromium from simulated wastewater, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 27 (2020) 14836–14851.
  38. S. Kumar, C. Patra, S. Narayanasamy, P.V. Rajaraman, Performance of acid-activated water caltrop (Trapa natans) shell in fixed bed column for hexavalent chromium removal from simulated wastewater, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 27 (2020) 28042–28052.
  39. S. Schmitz, A.C. Dona, P. Castignolles, R.G. Gilbert, M. Gaborieau, Assessment of the extent of starch dissolution in dimethyl sulfoxide by 1H NMR spectroscopy, Macromol. Biosci., 9 (2009) 506–514.
  40. A.N. Kursunlu, E. Guler, H. Dumrul, O. Kocyigit, I.H. Gubbuk, Chemical modification of silica gel with synthesized new Schiff base derivatives and sorption studies of cobalt(II) and nickel(II), Appl. Surf. Sci., 255 (2009) 8798–8803.
  41. N. Ünlü, M. Ersoz, Removal of heavy metal ions by using dithiocarbamated-sporopollenin, Sep. Purif. Technol., 52 (2007) 461–469.
  42. M. Keleş, Preparation of heterogeneous palladium catalysts supported on sporopollenin for heck coupling reactions, Synth. React. Inorg. Met.-Org. Chem., 43 (2013) 575–579.
  43. B. Garg, R. Sharma, N. Bhojak, S. Mittal, Chelating resins and their applications in the analysis of trace metal ions, Microchem. J., 61 (1999) 94–114.
  44. A. Çimen, M. Torun, A. Bilgiç, Immobilization of 4-amino-2-hydroxyacetophenone onto silica gel surface and sorption studies of Cu(II), Ni(II), and Co(II) ions, Desal. Water Treat., 53 (2015) 2106–2116.
  45. Y. Du, M. Dai, J. Cao, C. Peng, Fabrication of a low-cost adsorbent supported zero-valent iron by using red mud for removing Pb(II) and Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions, RSC Adv., 9 (2019) 33486–33496.
  46. A.M. Hassan, W.A.W. Ibrahim, M.B. Bakar, M.M. Sanagi, Z.A. Sutirman, H.R. Nodeh, M.A. Mokhter, New effective 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane functionalized magnetic sporopollenin-based silica coated graphene oxide adsorbent for removal of Pb(II) from aqueous environment, J. Environ. Manage., 253 (2020) 109658.
  47. M. Naushad, T. Ahamad, B.M. Al-Maswari, A.A. Alqadami, S.M. Alshehri, Nickel ferrite bearing nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon as efficient adsorbent for the removal of highly toxic metal ion from aqueous medium, Chem. Eng. J., 330 (2017) 1351–1360.
  48. J. Geng, Y. Yin, Q. Liang, Z. Zhu, H. Luo, Polyethyleneimine cross-linked graphene oxide for removing hazardous hexavalent chromium: adsorption performance and mechanism, Chem. Eng. J., 361 (2019) 1497–1510.
  49. A. Çimen, A. Bilgiç, İ. Yılmaz, Chemical modification of silica gel with hydrazine carbothioamide derivative for sorption studies of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) ions, Desal. Water Treat., 55 (2015) 420–430.
  50. A.K. Dyab, M.A. Mohamed, N.M. Meligi, S.K. Mohamed, Encapsulation of erythromycin and bacitracin antibiotics into natural sporopollenin microcapsules: antibacterial, cytotoxicity, in vitro and in vivo release studies for enhanced bioavailability, RSC adv., 8 (2018) 33432–33444.
  51. A. Çimen, A. Bilgiç, Removal of Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) ions from aqueous solutions using modified sporopollenin, J. Appl. Biol. Sci., 12 (2018) 42–44.
  52. H. Sereshti, A. Toloutehrani, H.R. Nodeh, Determination of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) in bovine milk by dispersive micro-solid phase extraction based on the magnetic threedimensional graphene-sporopollenin sorbent, J. Chromatogr. B, 1136 (2020) 121907.
  53. Z.A. ALOthman, M. Naushad, R. Ali, Kinetic, equilibrium isotherm and thermodynamic studies of Cr(VI) adsorption onto low-cost adsorbent developed from peanut shell activated with phosphoric acid, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 20 (2013) 3351–3365.
  54. A. Kumar, C. Guo, G. Sharma, D. Pathania, M. Naushad, S. Kalia, P. Dhiman, Magnetically recoverable ZrO2/Fe3O4/chitosan nanomaterials for enhanced sunlight driven photoreduction of carcinogenic Cr(VI) and dechlorination and mineralization of 4-chlorophenol from simulated waste water, RSC Adv., 6 (2016) 13251–13263.
  55. A. Maleki, B. Hayati, F. Najafi, F. Gharibi, S.W. Joo, Heavy metal adsorption from industrial wastewater by PAMAM/TiO2 nanohybrid: preparation, characterization and adsorption studies, J. Mol. Liq., 224 (2016) 95–104.
  56. İ.H. Gübbük, R. Güp, M. Ersöz, Synthesis, characterization, and sorption properties of silica gel-immobilized Schiff base derivative, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 320 (2008) 376–382.
  57. R. Maria, Synthesis, characterization, chemisorption and thermodynamic data of urea immobilized on silica, J. Mater. Chem., 4 (1994) 1479–1485.
  58. A. Cimen, A. Bilgic, Immobilization of 2-(2-hydroxybenzylidinoamino) pyridin-3-ol on silica gel and application to industrial wastewater, Desal. Water Treat., 147 (2019) 116–124.
  59. I.H. Gubbuk, Isotherms and thermodynamics for the sorption of heavy metal ions onto functionalized sporopollenin, J. Hazard. Mater., 186 (2011) 416–422.
  60. G. Ghanizadeh, G. Asgari, A. Mohammade, M.T. Ghaneian, Kinetics and isotherm studies of hexavalent chromium adsorption from water using bone charcoal, Fresenius Environ. Bull., 21 (2012) 1296–1302.
  61. G. Vazquez, J. Gonzalez-Alvarez, S. Freire, M. López-Lorenzo, G. Antorrena, Removal of cadmium and mercury ions from aqueous solution by sorption on treated Pinus pinaster bark: kinetics and isotherms, Bioresour. Technol., 82 (2002) 247–251.
  62. B. Hameed, J. Salman, A. Ahmad, Adsorption isotherm and kinetic modeling of 2, 4-D pesticide on activated carbon derived from date stones, J. Hazard. Mater., 163 (2009) 121–126.
  63. A. Çimen, E. Karakuş, A. Bilgiç, Chemical modification of silica gel with 4,4'-((1Z,8Z)-2,5,8-triazanona-1,8-diene-1,9-diyl) diphenol and applications to chromium Cr(VI) ions in industrial wastewaters, Desal. Water Treat., 57 (2016) 7219–7231.
  64. A. Bilgiç, A. Çimen, Removal of chromium(VI) from polluted wastewater by chemical modification of silica gel with 4-acetyl- 3-hydroxyaniline, RSC Adv., 9 (2019) 37403–37414.
  65. M. Ghaedi, A. Hassanzadeh, S.N. Kokhdan, Multiwalled carbon nanotubes as adsorbents for the kinetic and equilibrium study of the removal of alizarin red S and morin, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 56 (2011) 2511–2520.
  66. R.K. Ibrahim, A. El-Shafie, L.S. Hin, N.S.B. Mohd, M.M. Aljumaily, S. Ibraim, M.A. AlSaadi, A clean approach for functionalized carbon nanotubes by deep eutectic solvents and their performance in the adsorption of methyl orange from aqueous solution, J. Environ. Manage., 235 (2019) 521–534.
  67. A. Dada, A. Olalekan, A. Olatunya, O. Dada, Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms studies of equilibrium sorption of Zn2+ unto phosphoric acid modified rice husk, IOSR J. Appl. Chem., 3 (2012) 38–45.
  68. R. Bian, J. Zhu, Y. Chen, Y. Yu, S. Zhu, L. Zhang, M. Huo, Resource recovery of wastewater treatment sludge: synthesis of a magnetic cancrinite adsorbent, RSC Adv., 9 (2019) 36248–36255.
  69. A. Çimen, Removal of hexavalent chromium by chemical modification of 4,4'-((1Z,11Z)-2,5,8,11-tetraazadodeca-1,8-diene-1,11-diyl) diphenol: kinetic and equilibrium modeling, J. Water Reuse Desal., 5 (2015) 312–325.
  70. M. Cea, J. Seaman, A. Jara, M. Mora, M. Diez, Kinetic and thermodynamic study of chlorophenol sorption in an allophanic soil, Chemosphere, 78 (2010) 86–91.
  71. S. Sayin, I.H. Gubbuk, M. Yilmaz, Preparation of calix[4] arene-based sporopollenin and examination of its dichromate sorption ability, J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem., 75 (2013) 111–118.
  72. Z.A. ALOthman, M. Naushad, R. Ali, Kinetic, equilibrium isotherm and thermodynamic studies of Cr(VI) adsorption onto low-cost adsorbent developed from peanut shell activated with phosphoric acid, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 20 (2013) 3351–3365.
  73. D. Zhao, X. Gao, C. Wu, R. Xie, S. Feng, C. Chen, Facile preparation of amino functionalized graphene oxide decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles for the adsorption of Cr(VI), Appl. Surf. Sci., 384 (2016) 1–9.
  74. R. Soltani, A. Marjani, R. Soltani, S. Shirazian, Hierarchical multi-shell hollow micro–meso–macroporous silica for Cr(VI) adsorption, Sci. Rep., 10 (2020) 1–12.
  75. S. Sriram, I.M. Nambi, R. Chetty, Electrochemical reduction of hexavalent chromium on titania nanotubes with urea as an anolyte additive, Electrochim. Acta, 284 (2018) 427–435.
  76. Y. Wang, L. Yu, R. Wang, Y. Wang, X. Zhang, A novel cellulose hydrogel coating with nanoscale Fe0 for Cr(VI) adsorption and reduction, Sci. Total Environ., 726 (2020) 138625, doi: 10.1016/j. scitotenv.2020.138625.
  77. N.N. Thinh, P.T.B. Hanh, L.T.T. Ha, L.N. Anh, T.V. Hoang, V.D. Hoang, L.H. Dang, N. Van Khoi, T. Dai Lam, Magnetic chitosan nanoparticles for removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 33 (2013) 1214–1218.
  78. R. Karthik, S. Meenakshi, Removal of hexavalent chromium ions using polyaniline/silica gel composite, J. Water Process. Eng., 1 (2014) 37–45.
  79. D.K. Singh, V. Kumar, S. Mohan, S.H. Hasan, Polylysine functionalized graphene aerogel for the enhanced removal of Cr(VI) through adsorption: kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic modeling of the process, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 62 (2017) 1732–1742.
  80. P. Sane, S. Chaudhari, P. Nemade, S. Sontakke, Photocatalytic reduction of chromium(VI) using combustion synthesized TiO2, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 6 (2018) 68–73.
  81. T.R. Sethy, P.K. Sahoo, Highly toxic Cr(VI) adsorption by (chitosan-g-PMMA)/silica bionanocomposite prepared via emulsifier-free emulsion polymerisation, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 122 (2019) 1184–1190.
  82. R. Soltani, A. Marjani, M. Hosseini, S. Shirazian, Synthesis and characterization of novel N-methylimidazolium-functionalized KCC-1: a highly efficient anion exchanger of hexavalent chromium, Chemosphere, 239 (2020) 124735, doi: 10.1016/j. chemosphere.2019.124735.
  83. X. Wang, X. Liu, C. Xiao, H. Zhao, M. Zhang, N. Zheng, W. Kong, L. Zhang, H. Yuan, L. Zhang, Triethylenetetraminemodified hollow Fe3O4/SiO2/chitosan magnetic nanocomposites for removal of Cr(VI) ions with high adsorption capacity and rapid rate, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 297 (2020) 110041, doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110041.
  84. L.K. Cabatingan, R.C. Agapay, J.L. Rakels, M. Ottens, L.A. van der Wielen, Potential of biosorption for the recovery of chromate in industrial wastewaters, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 40 (2001) 2302–2309.
  85. P. Bajpai, V. Shaman, K. Ealer, A. Gupta, Adsorption of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by Bacillus cereus biomass, Electron. J. Biotechnol., 7 (2004) 399–403.
  86. A. Çimen, A. Bilgiç, A.N. Kursunlu, İ.H. Gübbük, H.İ. Uçan, Adsorptive removal of Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) ions from aqueous media using chemically modified sporopollenin of Lycopodium clavatum as novel biosorbent, Desal. Water Treat., 52 (2014) 4837–4847.