References

  1. Z.-h. Liu, G.-n. Lu, H. Yin, Z. Dang, B. Rittmann, Removal of natural estrogens and their conjugates in municipal wastewater treatment plants: a critical review, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49 (2015) 5288−5300.
  2. H. Chang, Y. Wan, S. Wu, Z. Fan, J. Hu, Occurrence of androgens and progestogens in wastewater treatment plants and receiving river waters: comparison to estrogens, Water Res., 45 (2011) 732–740.
  3. WHO, Global Assessment on the State of the Science of Endocrine Disruptors, T. Damstra, S. Barlow,
    A. Bergman, R. Kavlock, G. van der Kraak, Eds., International Program on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, 2002.
  4. E.B. Estrada-Arriaga, P.N. Mijaylova, Influence of operational parameters (sludge retention time and hydraulic residence time) on the removal of estrogens by membrane bioreactor, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 18 (2011) 1121–1128.
  5. G.-G. Yin, R.S. Kookana, Y.-J. Ru, Occurrence and fate of hormone steroids in the environment, Environ. Int., 28 (2002) 545–551.
  6. Kuwait Environmental Public Authority (KEPA), Kuwait Al-Youm (Today) Newspaper, Annex to Issue 1355, Year 63, 2017.
  7. V. Gabet-Giraud, C. Miège, J.M. Choubert, S. Martin Ruel, M. Coquery, Occurrence and removal of estrogens and beta blockers by various processes in wastewater treatment plants, Sci. Total Environ., 408 (2010) 4257–4269.
  8. C. Baronti, R. Curini, G. D’Ascenzo, A. Di Corcia, A. Gentili, R. Samperi, Monitoring natural and synthetic estrogens at activated sludge sewage treatment plants and in a receiving river water, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34 (2000) 5059–5066.
  9. F.D.L. Leusch, H.F. Chapman, W. Körner, S. Ravi Gooneratne, L.A. Tremblay, Efficacy of an advanced sewage treatment plant in southeast Queensland, Australia, to remove estrogenic chemicals, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39 (2005) 5781−5786.
  10. Q. Cao, Q. Yu, D.W. Connell, Degradation rate constants of steroids in sewage treatment works and receiving water, Environ. Technol., 29 (2008) 1321–1330.
  11. H. Hamid, C. Eskicioglu, Fate of estrogenic hormones in wastewater and sludge treatment: a review of properties and analytical detection techniques in sludge matrix, Water Res., 46 (2012) 5813–5833.
  12. H. Andersen, H. Siegrist, B. Halling-Sørensen, T.A. Ternes, Fate of estrogens in a municipal sewage treatment plant, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37 (2003) 4021–4026.
  13. Z. Zhang, P. Gao, H. Su, P. Zhan, N. Ren, Y. Feng, Anaerobic biodegradation characteristics of estrone, estradiol, and 17α-ethinylestradiol in activated sludge batch tests, Desal. Water Treat., 53 (2015) 985–993.
  14. T. Saeed, N. Al-Jandal, A. Abusam, H. Taqi, A. Al-Khabbaz, J. Zafar, Sources and levels of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in Kuwait’s coastal areas, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 118 (2017) 407–412.
  15. J.K. Fawell, D. Sheahan, H.A. James, M. Hurst, S. Scott, Oestrogens and oestrogenic activity in raw and treated water in Severn Trent Water, Water Res., 35 (2001) 1240–1244.
  16. G. D’Ascenzo, A. Di Corcia, A. Gentili, R. Mancini, R. Mastropasqua, M. Nazzari, R. Samperi, Fate of natural estrogen conjugates in municipal sewage transport and treatment facilities, Sci. Total Environ., 302 (2003) 199–209.
  17. M. Cargouët, D. Perdiz, A. Mouatassim-Souali, S. Tamisier-Karolak, Y. Levi, Assessment of river contamination by estrogenic compounds in Paris area (France), Sci. Total Environ., 324 (2004) 55–66.
  18. G.P. Pessoa, N.C. de Souza, C.B. Vidal, J.A.C. Alves, P.I.M. Firmino, R.F. Nascimento, A.B. dos Santos, Occurrence and removal of estrogens in Brazilian wastewater treatment plants, Sci. Total Environ., 490 (2014) 288–295.
  19. A. Mohagheghian, R. Nabizadeh, A. Mesdghinia, N. Rastkari, A.H. Mahvi, M. Alimohammadi, M. Yunesian, R. Ahmadkhaniha, S. Nazmara, Distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Tehran, Iran, J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng., 12 (2014) 97, doi: 10.1186/2052-336X-12-97.
  20. T.A. Ternes, M. Stumpf, J. Mueller, K. Haberer, R.-D. Wilken, M. Servos, Behavior and occurrence of estrogens in municipal sewage treatment plants — I. Investigations in Germany, Canada and Brazil, Sci. Total Environ., 225 (1999) 81–90.
  21. A.C. Johnson, J.P. Sumpter, Removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in activated sludge treatment works, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35 (2001) 4697–4703.
  22. A. Dick Vethaak, J. Lahr, S. Marca Schrap, A.C. Belfroid, G.B.J. Rijs, A. Gerritsen, J. de Boer, A.S. Bulder, G.C.M. Grinwis, R.V. Kuiper, J. Legler, T.A.J. Murk, W. Peijnenburg, H.J.M. Verhaar, P. de Voogt, An integrated assessment of estrogenic contamination and biological effects in the aquatic environment of The Netherlands, Chemosphere, 59 (2005) 511–524.
  23. N. Nakada, H. Shinohara, A. Murata, K. Kiri, S. Managaki, N. Sato, H. Takada, Removal of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during sand filtration and ozonation at a municipal sewage treatment plant, Water Res., 41 (2007) 4373–4382.
  24. C.-Y. Chen, T.-Y. Wen, G.-S. Wang, H.-W. Cheng, Y.-H. Lin, G.-W. Lien, Determining estrogenic steroids in Taipei waters and removal in drinking water treatment using high-flow solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, Sci. Total Environ., 378 (2007) 352–365.
  25. S. Jin, F. Yang, T. Liao, Y. Hui, Y. Xu, Seasonal variations of estrogenic compounds and their estrogenicities in influent and effluent from a municipal sewage treatment plant in China, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 27 (2008) 146–153.
  26. C. Desbrow, E. Routledge, G.C. Brighty, J.P. Sumpter, M. Waldock, Identification of estrogenic chemicals in STW effluent. 1. Chemical fractionation and in vitro biological screening, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32 (1998) 1549–1558.
  27. T. Damstra, S. Barlow, A. Bergman, R. Kavlock, G. Van Der Kraak, Eds., International Program on Chemical Safety, WHO/PCS/EDC/02.2 ed., 1998.
  28. M. Holmes, A. Kumar, A. Shareef, H. Doan, R. Stuetz, R. Kookana, Fate of indicator endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage during treatment and polishing for non-potable reuse, Water Sci. Technol., 62 (2010) 1416–1423.
  29. A.Y.-C. Lin, Y.-T. Tsai, T.-H. Yu, X.-H. Wang, C.-F. Lin, Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Taiwan’s aquatic environment, Desal. Water Treat., 32 (2011) 57–64.
  30. M. Köck-Schulmeyer, A. Ginebreda, C. Postigo, R. López-Serna, S. Pérez, R. Brix, M. Llorca, M.L. de Alda, M. Petrović, A. Munné, L. Tirapu, D. Barceló, Wastewater reuse in Mediterranean semiarid areas: the impact of discharges of tertiary treated sewage on the load of polar micro pollutants in the Llobregat river (NE Spain), Chemosphere, 82 (2011) 670–678.
  31. X. Lin, J. Xu, A.A. Keller, L. He, Y. Gu, W. Zheng, D. Sun, Z. Lu, J. Huang, X. Huang, G. Li, Occurrence and risk assessment of emerging contaminants in a water reclamation and ecological reuse project, Sci. Total Environ., 744 (2020) 140977, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140977.
  32. N. Al-Jandal, T. Saeed, I. Azad, S. Al-Subiai, W. Al-Zekri, S. Hussain, E. Al-Hasan, Impact of endocrine disrupting compounds in sewage impacted coastal area on seabream, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 150 (2018) 280–288.
  33. R. Delli Compagni, M. Gabrielli, F. Polesel, A. Turolla, S. Trapp, L. Vezzaro, M. Antonelli, Risk assessment of contaminants of emerging concern in the context of wastewater reuse for irrigation: an integrated modelling approach, Chemosphere, 242 (2020) 125185, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125185.
  34. Q.-Y. Wu, Y.-R. Shao, C. Wang, Y. Sun, H.-Y. Hu, Health risk induced by estrogens during unplanned indirect potable reuse of reclaimed water from domestic wastewater, Huan Jing Ke Xue/Environ. Sci., 35 (2014) 1041–1050.
  35. I.R. Falconer, H.F. Chapman, M.R. Moore, G. Ranmuthugala, Endocrine-disrupting compounds: a review of their challenge to sustainable and safe water supply and water reuse, Environ. Toxicol., 21 (2006) 181–191.
  36. D.M. Kvanli, S. Marisetty, T.A. Anderson, W. Andrew Jackson, A.N. Morse, Monitoring estrogen compounds in wastewater recycling systems, Water Air Soil Pollut., 188 (2008) 31–40.
  37. D. Avisar, Y. Lester, D. Ronen, Sulfamethoxazole contamination of a deep phreatic aquifer, Sci. Total Environ., 407 (2009) 4278–4282.
  38. Y.F. Ting, S.M. Praveena, Sources, mechanisms, and fate of steroid estrogens in wastewater treatment plants: a mini review, Environ. Monit. Assess., 189 (2017) 178, doi: 10.1007/s10661-017-5890-x.