References

1. M.M. Mekonnen, A.Y. Hoekstra, Four billion people facing severe water scarcity, Sci. Adv., 2 (2016) 6, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500323.
2. UN-Habitat, World Cities Report, 2016.
3. R. Sheps, P. Golovinsky, S. Yaremenko, T. Shchukina, New passive solar panels for Russian cold winter conditions, Energy Build., 248 (2021) 111187, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111187.
4. L. Idoko, O. Anaya-Lara, A. McDonald, Enhancing PV modules efficiency and power output using multi-concept cooling technique, Energy Rep., 4 (2018) 357–369.
5. A. Razak, M.I. Yusoff, L.W. Zhe, M. Irwanto, S. Ibrahim, M. Zhafarina, Investigation of the effect temperature on photovoltaic (PV) panel output performance, Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol., 6 (2016) 682–688.
6. L.K. Alexis, T.J. Kewir, D.K.B. Merlain, S.S.H. Bertholt, Experimental study on the electrical and thermal characteristics of a hybrid photovoltaic/thermal water solar collector model using photovoltaic solar modules of different brands, Energy Convers. Manage.: X, 14 (2022) 100198, doi:10.1016/j.ecmx.2022.100198.
7. M. Yu, F. Chen, S. Zheng, J. Zhou, X. Zhao, Z. Wang, G. Li, J. Li, Y. Fan, J. Ji, T.M.O. Diallo, D. Hardy, Experimental investigation of a novel solar micro-channel loop-heat-pipe photovoltaic/thermal (MC-LHP-PV/T) system for heat and power generation, Appl. Energy, 256 (2019a) 113929, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113929.
8. S. Singh, R. Singh, G. Tiwari, Effect of Oscillatory Water Flow on the Performance of Photovoltaic Thermal System in Summer Condition, International Conference on Computational and Characterization Techniques in Engineering and Sciences (CCTES) Integral University, Lucknow, India, Sep 14–15, 2018, doi:10.1109/CCTES.2018.8674075.
9. S.R. Reddy, M.A. Ebadian, C.-X. Lin, A review of PV–T systems: thermal management and efficiency
   with single-phase cooling, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 91 (2015) 861–871.
10. A.K. Suresh, S. Khurana, G. Nandan, G. Dwivedi, S. Kumar, Role on nanofluids in cooling solar photovoltaic cell to enhance overall efficiency, Mater. Today: Proc., 5 (2018) 20614–20620.
11. A.S. Abdelrazik, F.A. Al-Sulaiman, R. Saidur, Optical behavior of a water/silver nanofluid and their influence on the performance of a photovoltaic-thermal collector, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 201 (2019) 110054, doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2019.110054.
12. A.S. Abdelrazik, F.A. Al-Sulaiman, R. Saidur, R. Ben-Mansour, A review on recent development for the design and packaging of hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar systems, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 95 (2018) 110–129.
13. C. Kalkan, M.A. Ezan, J. Duquette, S. Yilmaz Balaman, A. Yilanci, Numerical study on photovoltaic/thermal systems with extended surfaces, Int. J. Energy Res., 43 (2019) 5213–5229.
14. J.J. Michael, S. Iniyan, Performance analysis of a copper sheet laminated photovoltaic thermal collector using copper oxide – water nanofluid, Sol. Energy, 119 (2015) 439–451.
15. A.H.A. Al-Waeli, K. Sopian, J.H. Yousif, H.A. Kazem, J. Boland, M.T. Chaichan, Artificial neural network modeling and analysis of photovoltaic/thermal system based on the experimental study, Energy Convers. Manage., 186 (2019a) 368–379.
16. Y. Tong, H. Lee, W. Kang, H. Cho, Energy and exergy comparison of a flat-plate solar collector using water,
    Al₂O₃ nanofluid, and CuO nanofluid, Appl. Therm. Eng., 159 (2019) 113959, doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.113959.
17. N.F.M. Razali, A. Fudholi, M.H. Ruslan, K. Sopian, Review of water-nanofluid based photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems, Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng., 9 (2019) 134–140.
18. E.C. Okonkwo, I. Wole-Osho, D. Kavaz, M. Abid, Comparison of experimental and theoretical methods of obtaining the thermal properties of alumina/iron mono and hybrid nanofluids, J. Mol. Liq., 292 (2019) 111377, doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111377.
19. Z. Rostami, M. Rahimi, N. Azimi, Using high-frequency ultrasound waves and nano-fluid for increasing the efficiency and cooling performance of a PV module, Energy Convers. Manage., 160 (2018) 141–149.
20. M. Hosseinzadeh, M. Sardarabadi, M. Passandideh-Fard, Energy and exergy analysis of nanofluid based photovoltaic thermal system integrated with phase change material, Energy, 147 (2018) 636–647.
21. M.-W. Tian, Y. Khetib, S.-R. Yan, M. Rawa, M. Sharifpur, G. Cheraghian, A.A. Melaibari, Energy, exergy and economics study of a solar/thermal panel cooled by nanofluid, Case Stud. Therm. Eng., 28 (2021) 101481, doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2021.101481.
22. Y. Jia, F. Ran, C. Zhu, G. Fang, Numerical analysis of photovoltaic-thermal collector using nanofluid
    as a coolant, Sol. Energy, 196 (2020) 625–636.
23. Z.U. Abdin, A. Rachid, Modeling, Identification and Control of Photovoltaic/Thermal Solar Panel, 2020 IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications (CCTA), IEEE, Montreal, QC, Canada, 2020, pp. 1–6, doi:10.1109/CCTA41146.2020.9206348.
24. T. Brahim, A. Jemni, Parametric study of photovoltaic/thermal wickless heat pipe solar collector, Energy Convers. Manage., 239 (2021) 114236, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114236.
25. A.A. Alzaabi, N.K. Badawiyeh, H.O. Hantoush, A.-K. Hamid, Electrical/thermal performance of hybrid PV/T system in Sharjah, UAE, Int. J. Smart Grid Clean Technol., 3 (2014) 385–389.
26. S. El Bécaye Maïga, S.J. Palm, C.T. Nguyen, G. Roy, N. Galanis, Heat transfer enhancement by using nanofluids in forced convection flows, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, 26 (2005) 530–546.
27. S. El Bécaye Maïga, C.T. Nguyen, N. Galanis, G. Roy, Heat behaviors of nanofluids in a uniformly heated tube, Superlattices Microstruct., 35 (2004) 543–557.
28. G.K. Batchelor, The effect of Brownian motion on the bulk stress in a suspension of spherical particles, J. Fluid Mech., 831 (1977) 97–117.
29. J. Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, Oxford University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1904.
30. B.C. Pak, Y.I. Cho, Hydrodynamic and heat transfer study of dispersed fluids with submicron metallic oxide particles, Exp. Heat Transfer, 11 (1998) 151–170.