References

  1. United Nations, Summary Progress Update 2021: SDG 6 — Water and Sanitation For All, 24 February 2021. Available at https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/scarcity/ (December 2021).
  2. D. Rubio, C. López-Galindo, J.F. Casanueva, E. Nebot, Monitoring and assessment of an industrial antifouling treatment. Seasonal effects and influence of water velocity in an open once-through seawater cooling system, Appl. Therm. Eng., 67 (2014) 378–387.
  3. A. Helalizadeh, H. Müller-Steinhagen, M. Jamialahmadi, Mixed salt crystallization fouling, Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif., 39 (2000) 29–43.
  4. S.N. Kazi, K.H. Teng, M.S. Zakaria, E. Sadeghinezhad, M.A. Bakar, Study of mineral fouling mitigation on heat exchanger surface, Desalination, 367 (2015) 248–254.
  5. P.A. Raghupathi, S.G. Kandlikar, Characterization of pool boiling of seawater and regulation of crystallization fouling by physical aberration, Heat Transfer Eng., Selected Papers from the 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels and Minichanles, July 6–9, 2015, San Francisco, California, USA, 38 (2017) 1296–1304.
  6. S.N. Kazi, Fouling and Fouling Mitigation on Heat Exchanger Surfaces, J. Mitrovic, Ed., Heat Exchangers, InTechOpen, 2012.
  7. M. Jamialahmadi, H. Müller-Steinhagen, Crystallization of calcium sulfate dihydrate from phosphoric acid, Dev. Chem. Eng. Miner. Process., 8 (2000) 587–604.
  8. A. Janzen, E.Y. Kenig, Analysis of crystallization fouling in electric water heating, Heliyon, 5 (2019) e02695, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02695.
  9. A. Helalizadeh, H. Müller-Steinhagen, M. Jamialahmadi, Mathematical modelling of mixed salt precipitation during convective heat transfer and sub-cooled flow boiling, Chem. Eng. Sci., 60 (2005) 5078–5088.
  10. A. Panagopoulos, Study and evaluation of the characteristics of saline wastewater (brine) produced by desalination and industrial plants, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 29 (2021) 23736–23749.
  11. A. Panagopoulos, K.-J. Haralambous, M. Loizidou, Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies - a review, Sci. Total Environ., 693 (2019) 133545, doi: 10.1016/j. scitotenv.2019.07.351.
  12. A. Janzen, E. Kenig, Understanding and analysis of fouling behavior or bare-wire heating elements in electric water heating, Heat Exch. Fouling Cleaning, (2019) 1–8.
  13. S.M. Peyghambarzadeh, A. Vatani, M. Jamialahmadi, Application of asymptotic model for the prediction of fouling rate of calcium sulfate under subcooled flow boiling, Appl. Therm. Eng., 39 (2012) 105–113.
  14. K. Sub Song, J. Lim, S. Yun, D. Kim, Y. Kim, Composite fouling characteristics of CaCO3 and CaSO4 in plate heat exchangers at various operating and geometric conditions, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 136 (2019) 555–562.
  15. J. MacAdam, S.A. Parsons, Calcium carbonate scale formation and control, Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol., 3 (2004) 159–169.
  16. S. Keysar, R. Semiat, D. Hasson, J. Yahalom, Effect of surface roughness on the morphology of calcite crystallizing on mild steel, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 162 (1994) 311–319.
  17. Y. Liu, Y. Zou, L. Zhao, W. Liu, L. Cheng, Investigation of adhesion of CaCO3 crystalline fouling on stainless steel surfaces with different roughness, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer, 38 (2011) 730–733.
  18. F. Albert, W. Augustin, S. Scholl, Roughness and constriction effects on heat transfer in crystallization fouling, Chem. Eng. Sci., 66 (2010) 499–509.
  19. J.S. Kim, A. Girard, S. Jun, J. Lee, S.M. You, Effect of surface roughness on pool boiling heat transfer of water on hydrophobic surfaces, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 118 (2018) 802–811.
  20. B.J. Jones, J.P. McHale, S.V. Garimella, The influence of surface roughness on nucleate pool boiling heat transfer, J. Heat Transfer, 131 (2009) 121009, doi: 10.1115/1.3220144.
  21. A. Warlo, B. Nienborg, H. Fugmann, M. Altenberend, L. Schnabel, K. Conzelmann, M. Mathieu, A. Schwärzler, Experimental characterization of fouling in context of heat exchanger development, Heat Exch. Fouling Cleaning, (2019) 1–7.
  22. J.S. Kim, A. Girard, S. Jun, J. Lee, S.M. You, Effect of surface roughness on pool boiling heat transfer of water on hydrophobic surfaces, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 118 (2018) 802–811.
  23. M. Jamialahmadi, H. Müller-Steinhagen, A new model for the effect of calcium sulfate scale formation on pool boiling heat transfer, J. Heat Transfer, 126 (2004) 507–517.
  24. T. Ekblad, G. Bergström, T. Ederth, S.L. Conlan, R. Mutton, A.S. Clare, S. Wang, Y. Liu, Q. Zhao, F. D’Souza, G.T. Donnelly, P.R. Willemsen, M.E. Pettitt, M.E. Callow, J.A. Callow, B. Liedberg, Poly(ethylene glycol)-containing hydrogel surfaces for antifouling applications in marine and freshwater environments, Biomacromolecules, 9 (2008) 2775–2783.
  25. I. Banerjee, R.C. Pangule, R.S. Kane, Antifouling coatings: recent developments in the design of surfaces that prevent fouling by proteins, bacteria, and marine organisms, Adv. Mater., 23 (2010) 690–718.
  26. E.M. Van Wagner, A.C. Sagle, M.M. Sharma, Y.-H. La, B.D. Freeman, Surface modification of commercial polyamide desalination membranes using poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether to enhance membrane fouling resistance, J. Membr. Sci., 367 (2011) 273–287.
  27. A.L. Truschel, What Is Polyethylene Glycol?, Sciencing, April 2017. Available at https://sciencing.com/polyethyleneglycol-2507.html (December 2021).
  28. Z. Lu, J. Jiang, M. Ren, J. Xu, J. Da, F. Cao, The study on removing the salts in crude oil via ethylene glycol extraction, Energy Fuels, 29 (2015) 355–360.
  29. B. Abbasi, X. Zhang, H. O’Hern, E. Nikooei, Method and System for Purifying Contaminated Water, United States Patent 62882970, 4 August 2020.
  30. H. O’Hern, E. Nikooei, X. Zhang, C. Hagen, N. AuYeung, D. Tew, B. Abbasi, Reducing the water intensity of hydraulic fracturing: a review of treatment technologies, Desal. Water Treat., 221 (2021) 121–138.
  31. E. Nikooei, N. AuYeung, X. Zhang, K. Goulas, B. Abbasi, A. Dyall, B. Abbasi, Controlled dehumidification to extract clean water from a multicomponent gaseous mixture of organic contaminants, J. Water Process Eng., 43 (2021) 102229, doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102229.
  32. ASTM Synthetic Seawater, Sea Salt ASTM D1141-98, Available at https://www.syntheticseawater.com/products/sea-saltastm-d1141-98 (December 2021).
  33. H.W. Coleman, W. Glenn Steele, Engineering application of experimental uncertainty analysis, AIAA J., 33 (1995) 1888–1896.
  34. M. Haghshenasfard, G.H. Yeoh, M. Dahari, K. Hooman, On numerical study of calcium sulfate fouling under sub-cooled flow boiling conditions, Appl. Therm. Eng., 81 (2015) 18–27.