References

  1. B. Eikebrokk, T. Juhna and S. W. Østerhus, Water treatment by EnC—operational status and optimisation issues, Techneau, D 5.3.1., December, 2006 (accessed June 2007).
  2. V. Uyak, S. Yavuz, I. Toroz, S. Ozaydin and E.A. Genceli, DBPs removal by EnC and PAC adsorption, Desalination, 216 (2007) 334–344.
  3. H. Selcuk, L. Rizzo, A.N. Nikolaou, S. Meric, V. Belgiorno and M. Bekbolet, DBPs formation and toxicity monitoring in different origin water treated by ozone and alum/PAC coagulation, Desalination, 210 (2007) 31–43.
  4. C. Chiemchaisri, S. Passananon, H.H. Ngo and S. Vigneswaran, Enhanced NOM removal in floating media filter coupled with microfiltration membrane for river water treatment, Desalination, 234 (2008) 335–343.
  5. M. Yan, D. Wang, J. Yu, J. Ni, M. Edwards and J. Qu, EnC with polyaluminum chlorides: Role of pH/Alkalinity and speciation, Chemosphere, 71 (2008) 1665–1673.
  6. D.J. Pernitsky and J.K. Edzwald, Selection of alum and polyaluminium coagulants: principles and applications, J. Water Supply: Res. Technol.-AQUA, 55 (2006) 121–141.
  7. J.K. Edzwald and J.E. Tobiason, EnC: USA requirements in a broader view, Water Sci. Technol., 40 (1999) 637–670.
  8. E. Sharp, S.A. Parsons and B. Jefferson, The impact of seasonal variations in DOC arising from a moorland peat catchment on coagulation with iron and aluminium salts, Environ. Pollution, 140 (2006) 436–443.
  9. H. Ratnaweera, N. Hiller and U. Bunse, Comparison of the coagulation behaviour of different Norwegian aquatic NOM sources, Environ. Inter., 25 (1999) 347–355.
  10. R. Henderson, E. Sharp, P. Jarvis, S. Parsons and B. Jefferson, Identifying the linkage between particle characteristics and undertaking coagulation performance, Water Sci. Technol.: Water Supply, 6 (2006) 31–38.
  11. P. Pommerenk and G.C. Schafran, Adsorption of inorganic and inorganic ligands onto hydrous aluminium oxide: Evaluation of surface charge and the impacts on particle and NOM removal during water treatment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39 (2005) 6429– 6434.
  12. J.J. Qin, M.H. Oo, K.A. Kekre, F. Knops and P. Miller, Reservoir water treatment using hybrid coagulation-ultrafiltration, Desalination, 193 (2006) 344–349.
  13. D.A. Fearing, J. Banks, S. Guyetand, C. Montfort Eroles, D. Wilson, P. Hillis, A.T. Campbell and S.A. Parsons, Combination of ferric and MIEX® for the treatment of humic rich water, Water Res., 38 (2004) 2551–2558.
  14. P. Jarvis, B. Jefferson and S.A. Parsons, Breakage, regrowth and fractal nature of flocs, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39 (2005) 2307–2314.
  15. J.G. Jacangelo, J. DeMarco, D.M. Owen and S.J. Randtke, Selected processes for removing NOM: An overview, J. AWWA, 87 (1995) 65–77.
  16. J.K. Edzwald, Coagulation in drinking water treatment: particles, organics and coagulants, Water Sci. Technol., 27 (1993) 21–35.
  17. C.R. O’Melia, W.C. Becker, A. Franchi and K.K. Au, Removal of HS by coagulation, Water Sci. Technol., 40 (1999) 47–54.
  18. B. Eikebrokk, Removal of HS by coagulation, in: H. Hahn et al., eds., Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment IV, Springer- Berlin, 1996, pp. 173–187.
  19. B. Eikebrokk, Coagulation-direct filtration of soft, low alkalinity humic waters, Water Sci. Technol., 40 (1999) 55–62.
  20. B. Eikebrokk, Aspects of EnC-contact filtration process optimisation. Proc. Workshop on Utilization of NOM characteristics to improve process selection and performance. AWWARF, Vivendi Water, CRC for Water Quality and Treatment, Berlin, 2001.
  21. A. Mesdaghnia, M.T. Rafiee, F. Vaezi, A. Mahvi, A. Torabian and A. Ghasri, Control of DBPs formation potential by EnC, Inter. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2 (2006) 335–342.
  22. J.Q. Jiang and N.J.D. Graham, Enhanced coagulation using Al/Fe(III) coagulants: Effects of coagulant chemistry on the removal of colour-causing NOM, Environ. Technol., 17 (1996) 937–950.
  23. A. Matilainen, N. Lindqvist and T. Tuhkanen, Comparison of the efficiency of aluminium and ferric sulphate in the removal of NOM during drinking water treatment processes, Environ. Technol., 26 (2005) 867–875.
  24. D.S Wang, H.X. Tang and J. Gregory, Relative importance of charge neutralization and precipitation on coagulation of kaolin with PACl: Effects of sulphate ion, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36 (2002) 1815–1820.
  25. S.D. Freese, D.J. Nozaic, M.J. Pryor, R. Rajogopaul, D.L. Trollip and R.A. Smith, EnC: a viable option to advance treatment technologies in the South African context, Water Sci. Technol.: Water Supply, 1 (2001) 33–41.
  26. S. States, R. Tomko, M. Scheuring and L. Casson, EnC and removal of Cryptosporidium, J. AWWA, 94 (2002) 67–77.
  27. X. Dai and R. Hozalski, Evaluation of microspheres as surrogates for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in filtration experiments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37 (2003) 1037–1042.
  28. I. Xagoraraki and G.W. Harrington, Zeta potential, DOC, and removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts by coagulation and sedimentation, J. Environ. Eng., 130 (2004) 1424–1432.
  29. G.S. Logsdon, Effective management and operation of coagulation and filtration, Water, Air, Soil Poll., 123 (2000) 159–166.
  30. P.D. Hamilton, G. Standen and S.A. Parsons, Using particle monitors to minimise Cryptosporidium risk: a review, J. Water Supply: Res. Technol.-AQUA, 51 (2002) 351–364.
  31. G.S. Logsdon, J.M. Symons, R.L. Hoye and M.M. Arozarena, Alternative filtration methods for removal of Giardia cysts and cyst models, J. AWWA, 73 (1981) 111–118.
  32. M. Emelko, Removal of viable and inactivated Cryptosporidium by dual- and tri-media filtration, Water Res., 37 (2003) 2998–3008.
  33. G.C. Budd, A.F. Hess, H. Shorney-Darby, J.J. Neemann, C.M. Spencer, J.D. Bellamy and P.H. Hargette, Coagulation applications for new treatment goals, J. AWWA, 96 (2004) 102–113.
  34. P.T. Srinivasan, T. Viraraghavan and J. Bergman, Factors affecting residual aluminium levels at the Buffalo Pound Water Treatment Plant, Saskatchevan, Canada, J. Water Supply: Res. Technol.- AQUA, 48 (1999) 167–175.
  35. P.T. Srinivasan and T. Viraraghavan, Influence of NOM on the speciation of aluminium during water treatment, Water, Air, Soil Poll., 152 (2004) 35–54.
  36. M. Jekel, Interactions of HA and aluminium salts in the flocculation process, Water Res., 20 (1986) 1535–1542.
  37. E.M. Vrijenhoek, A.E. Chidress, M. Elimelech, T.S. Tanaka and M.D. Beuhler, Removing particles and THMs precursors by EnC, J. AWWA, 90 (1998) 139–150.
  38. J. van Leeuwen, R. Daly and M. Holmes, Modeling the treatment of drinking water to maximize DOM removal and minimize DBP formation, Desalination, 177 (2005) 81–89.
  39. G.W. Harrington, Z.K. Chowdhury and D.M. Owen, Integrated water treatment plant model: A computer model to simulate organics removal and THM formation, Proc. AWWA Ann. Conf., 1991, pp. 589–624.
  40. T. Tseng and M. Edwards, Predicting full-scale TOC removal, J. AWWA, 91 (1999) 159–170.
  41. M. Edwards, Predicting DOC removal during EnC, J. AWWA, 89 (1997) 78–89.
  42. P. Holt, G. Barton and C. Mitchell, EC as a wastewater treatment, in: The Third Annual Australian Environmental Engineering Research Event, Castlemaine, Victoria, 1999.
  43. E.A. Vik, D.A. Carlson, A.S. Eikum and E.T. Gjessing, EC of potable water, Water Res., 18 (1984) 1355–1600.
  44. M.J. Matteson, R.L. Dobson, R.W.Jr. Glenn, N.S. Kukunoor, W.H. Waits III and E.J. Clayfield, EC and separation of aqueous suspensions of ultrafine particles, Coll. Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 104 (1995) 101–109.
  45. W. Den and C.-J. Wang, Removal of silica from brackish water by EC pre-treatment to prevent fouling of reverse osmosis membranes, Sep. Purif. Technol., 59 (2008) 318–325.
  46. H.A. Moreno-Casillas, D.L. Cocke, J. A.G. Gomes, P. Morkovsky, J.R. Parga and E. Peterson, EC for COD removal, Sep. Purif. Technol., 56 (2007) 204–211.
  47. B. Zhu, D.A. Clifford and S. Chellam, Comparison of EC and chemical coagulation pre-treatment for enhanced virus removal using microfiltration membranes, Water Res., 39 (2005) 3098–3108.
  48. Y.S. Yildiz, A.S. Koparal, S. Irdemez and B. Keskinler, EC of synthetically prepared waters containing high concentration of NOM using iron cast electrodes, J. Hazard. Mater., B139 (2007) 373–380.
  49. Y.M. Awad and N.S. Abuzaid, The influence of residence time on the anodic oxidation of phenol, Sep. Purif. Technol., 18 (2000) 227– 236.
  50. S. Sinha, Coagulability of NOM and its effects on formation of chlorination DBPs, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder, 1999.
  51. M. Tomaszewska, S. Mozia and A.W. Morawski, Removal of OM by coagulation enhanced with adsorption on PAC, Desalination, 161 (2004) 79–87.
  52. M. Kabsch-Korbutowicz, Removal of NOM from water by in-line coagulation/ultrafiltration process, Desalination, 200 (2006) 421– 423.
  53. C. Escobar, C. Soto-Salazar and M.I. Toral, Optimization of the EC process for the removal of copper, lead and cadmium in natural waters and simulated wastewater, J. Environ. Manag., 81 (2006) 384–391.
  54. D. Ghernaout, A. Badis, A. Kellil and B. Ghernaout, Application of EC in E. coli culture and two surface waters, Desalination, 219 (2008) 118–125.
  55. D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, A. Saiba, A. Boucherit and A. Kellil, Removal of humic acid by continuous electromagnetic treatment followed by electrocoagulation in batch using aluminium electrodes, Desalination, 239 (2009) 295–308.
  56. P.K. Holt, G.W. Barton and C.A. Mitchell, The future for EC as a localised water treatment technology, Chemosphere, 59 (2005) 355–367.
  57. N. Daneshvar, A.R. Khataee and N. Djafarzadeh, The use of artificial neural networks (ANN) for modeling of decolorization of textile dye solution containing C. I. Basic Yellow 28 by EC process, J. Hazard. Mater., B137 (2006) 1788–1795.
  58. M. Yan, D. Wang, B. Shi, M. Wang and Y. Yan, Effect of preozonation on optimized coagulation of a typical North China source water, Chemosphere, 69 (2007) 1695–1702.
  59. M.Y.A. Mollah, R. Schennach, J.R. Parga and D.L. Cocke, Electrocoagulation (EC)—science and applications, J. Hazard. Mater., B84 (2001) 29–41.
  60. S. Kvech and M. Edwards, Solubility controls on aluminium in drinking water at relatively low and high pH, Water Res., 36 (2002) 4356–4368.
  61. D. Ghosh, H. Solanki and M.K. Purkait, Removal of Fe(II) from tap water by EC technique, J. Hazard. Mater., 155 (2008) 135–143.
  62. L. Rizzo, V. Belgiorno, M. Gallo and S. Meriç, Removal of THM precursors from a high-alkaline surface water by EnC and behaviour of THMFP toxicity on D. magna, Desalination, 176 (2005) 177–188.
  63. M.H. El-Masry, O.M. Sadek and W.K. Mekhemer, Purification of raw surface water using EC method, Water, Air, Soil Poll., 158 (2004) 373–385.