References

  1. A.J. Ragauskas, C.K. Williams, B.H. Davison, G. Britovsek, J. Cairney, C.A. Eckert, W.J. Fredrick, J.P. Hallet, D.J. Leak, C.L. Liotta, J.R. Mielenz, R. Murphy, R. Templer and T. Tschaplinski, The path forward for biofuels and biomaterials, Science, 311 (2006) 484–489.
  2. G.L. Baruah, A. Venkiteshwaran and G. Belfort, Global model for optimizing cross-flow microfiltration and ultrafiltration processes: a new predictive and design tool, Biotechnol. Progr., 21 (2005) 1013–1025.
  3. A.-K. Nordin and A.-S. Jönsson, Case study of an ultrafiltration plant treating bleach plant effluent from a pulp and paper mill, Desalination, 201 (2006) 277–289.
  4. A.-K. Nordin and A.-S. Jönsson, Optimisation of membrane area and energy requirement in tubular membrane modules, Chem. Eng. Processing, 47 (2008) 1090–1097.
  5. A.-K. Nordin and A.-S. Jönsson, Flux decline along the flow channel in tubular ultrafiltration modules, submitted for publication.
  6. J.W. Murdock, Fluid mechanics and its applications, Haughton Mifflin, Boston, 1976.
  7. O. Wallberg, A.-S. Jönsson and R. Wimmerstedt, Ultrafiltration of kraft black liquor with a ceramic membrane, Desalination, 156 (2003) 145–153.
  8. W.F. Blatt, A. Dravid, A.S. Michaels and L. Nelsen, Solute polarization and cake formation in membrane ultrafiltration: causes, consequences, and control techniques, in: Membrane Science and Technology, J.E. Flinn, ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1970, pp. 47– 97.
  9. G. Belfort and N. Nagata, Fluid mechanics and cross-flow filtration: some thoughts, Desalination, 53 (1985) 57–79.
  10. V. Gekas and B. Hallström, Mass transfer in the membrane concentration polarization layer under turbulent cross flow. I. Critical literature review and adaptation of existing Sherwood correlations to membrane operations, J. Membr. Sci., 30 (1987) 153–170.
  11. G.B. van den Berg, I.G. Rácz and C.A. Smolders, Mass transfer coefficients in cross-flow ultrafiltration, J. Membr. Sci., 47 (1989) 25–51.
  12. P. Aimar and R. Field, Limiting flux in membrane separations: A model based on the viscosity dependency of the mass transfer coefficient, Chem. Eng. Sci., 47 (1992) 579–586.
  13. P. Prádanos, J.I. Arribas and A. Hernández, Mass transfer coefficient and retention of PEGs in low pressure cross-flow ultrafiltration through asymmetric membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 99 (1995) 1–20.
  14. M. Pritchard, J.A. Howell and R.W. Field, The ultrafiltration of viscous fluids, J. Membr. Sci., 102 (1995) 223–235.
  15. S. De and P.K. Bhattacharya, Prediction of mass-transfer coefficient with suction in the applications of reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration, J. Membr. Sci., 128 (1997) 119–131.
  16. T.W. Perkins, S. Saksena and R. van Reis, A dynamic film model for ultrafiltration, J. Membr. Sci., 158 (1999) 243–256.
  17. V.S. Minnikanti, S. DasGupta and S. De, Prediction of mass transfer coefficient with suction for turbulent flow in cross flow ultrafiltration, J. Membr. Sci., 157 (1999) 227–239.
  18. J. Lipnizki and G. Jonsson, Flow dynamics and concentration polarisation in spacer-filled channels, Desalination, 146 (2002) 213–217.
  19. J. Lipnizki and G. Jonsson, Comparison of flow dynamics and concentration polarisation in empty and spacer-filled channels, Proc. European Conf. on Filtration and Separation, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2002, pp. 34–39.
  20. A.-K. Nordin and A.-S. Jönsson, Influence of module configuration on total economics during ultrafiltration at high concentration, submitted for publication.
  21. H.M. Yeh, H.P. Wu and J.F. Dong, Effects of design and operating parameters on the declination of permeate flux for membrane ultrafiltration along hollow-fiber modules, J. Membr. Sci., 213 (2003) 33–44.
  22. H.M. Yeh, J.H. Dong and M.Y. Shi, Momentum balance analysis of flux and pressure declines in membrane ultrafiltration along tubular modules, J. Membr. Sci., 241 (2004) 335–345.
  23. R.M. Sandblom, Filtering process, Alfa Laval AB, Sweden, Swedish Patent 7416257, 1974.
  24. L.V. Saboya and J.-L. Maubois, Current developments of microfiltration technology in the dairy industry, Lait, 80 (2000) 541–553.
  25. Tami Industries, Nyons, France, http://www.tami-industries. com/actuas/ICIM6.pdf, 2008-04-23.
  26. J.H. Vogel and K.H. Kroner, Controlled shear filtration: a novel technique for animal cell separation, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 63 (1999) 663–674.
  27. L. Song, S. Hong, J.Y. Hu, S.L. Ong and W.J. Ng, Simulations of full-scale reverse osmosis membrane process, J. Environ. Eng., 128(10) (2002) 960–966.
  28. M. Wilf, Design consequences of recent improvements in membrane performance, Desalination, 113 (1997) 157–163.
  29. A. Guadix, E. Sørensen, L.G. Papageorgiou, and E.M. Guadix, Optimal design and operation of continuous ultrafiltration plants, J. Membr. Sci., 235 (2004) 131–138.