References

  1. A.K. Sharma, G. Tjandraatmadja, S. Cook, T. Gardner, Decentralised systems - definition and drivers in the current context, Water Sci. Technol., 67 (2013) 2091–2101.
  2. Z. Liu, Urban sewage treatment odour gas release characteristics and regional differences, Environ. Technol. Innovation, 21 (2021) 101190, doi: 10.1016/j.eti.2020.101190.
  3. A.M. Dohdoh, I. Hendy, M. Zelenakova, A. Abdo, Domestic wastewater treatment: a comparison between an integrated hybrid UASB-IFAS system and a conventional UASB-AS system, Sustainability, 13 (2021) 1853, doi: 10.3390/su13041853.
  4. L. Vorhees, J. Harrison, M. O’Driscoll, C. Humphrey Jr., J. Bowden, Climate change and onsite wastewater treatment systems in the coastal Carolinas: perspectives from wastewater managers, Weather Clim. Soc., 14 (2022) 1287–1305.
  5. M. Peter-Varbanets, C. Zurbrügg, C. Swartz, W. Pronk, Decentralised systems for potable water and the potential of membrane technology, Water Res., 43 (2009), 245–265.
  6. V.G. Varma, S. Jha, L. Raju, R. Kishore, V. Ranjith, A review on decentralised wastewater treatment systems in India, Chemosphere, 300 (2022) 134462, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134462.
  7. F. Yang, H. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, J. Li, F. Jin, B. Zhou, Performance analysis and evaluation of the 146 rural decentralised wastewater treatment facilities surrounding the Erhai Lake, J. Cleaner Prod., 315 (2021) 128159, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128159.
  8. G. Tjandraatmadja, S. Cook, A. Ho, A. Sharma, T. Gardner, Drivers for Decentralised Systems in South East Queensland, Urban Water Security Research Alliance Technical Report 13, 2009.
  9. A. Karczmarczyk, A. Bus, A. Baryła, Assessment of the efficiency, environmental and economic effects of compact type onsite wastewater treatment plants—results from random testing, Sustainability, 13 (2021) 982, doi: 10.3390/su13020982.
  10. R. Mirra, C. Ribarov, D. Valchev, I. Ribarova, Towards energy efficient onsite wastewater treatment, Civ. Eng. J., 6 (2020) 1218–1226.
  11. K. Mena-Ulecia, H.H. Hernández, Decentralised peri-urban wastewater treatment technologies assessment integrating sustainability indicators, Water Sci. Technol., 72 (2015) 214–222.
  12. G. Tchobanoglus, F. Burton, H.D. Stensel, Wastewater Engineering, Treatment, and Reuse. McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2003.
  13. L.A. Papp, F.A. Rodrigues, W.A. Júdice, W.L. Araújo, Onsite wastewater treatment upgrade for water reuse in cooling towers and toilets, Water, 14 (2022) 1612, doi: 10.3390/w14101612.
  14. M.K. Sharma, V.K. Tyagi, N.K. Singh, S.P. Singh, A.A. Kazmi, Sustainable technologies for onsite domestic wastewater treatment: a review with technical approach, Environ. Dev. Sustain., 24 (2022) 3039–3090.
  15. A. Abusam, M. Ahmed, A. Mydlarczyk, Comparison of irrigation qualities of septic tank effluents reclaimed using aerobic-versus anaerobic-based treatment systems, Int. J. Environ. Sustain., 5 (2016) 64–70.
  16. Metcalf and Eddy, Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery, McGraw Hill Education, NY, 2014.
  17. N. Makisha, Application of biofilm carrier in aerobic reactors as a method to improve quality of wastewater treatment, Hydrology, 8 (2021) 77, doi: 10.3390/hydrology8020077.
  18. M.K. Sharma, V.K. Tyagi, A.A. Kazmi, Performance Appraisal of a Filter-Based Sanitation System for Onsite Treatment of Domestic Wastewater, M. Kumar, D. Snow, R. Honda, Eds., Emerging Issues in the Water Environment During Anthropocene, Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering, Springer, Singapore, 2020. doi: 10.1007/978-981-32-9771-5_11
  19. S. Chen, M. Wang, F.M. Russo, C.J. Gobler, X. Mao, Efficient nitrogen removal from onsite wastewater by a novel continuous flow biofilter, Chemosphere, 300 (2022) 134642, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134642.
  20. U. Dorji, P. Dorji, H. Shon, U. Badeti, C. Dorji, C. Wangmo, L. Tijing, J. Kandasamy, S. Vigneswaran, A. Chanan, S. Phuntsho, Onsite domestic wastewater treatment system using shredded waste plastic bottles as biofilter media: pilot-scale study on effluent standards in Bhutan, Chemosphere, 286 (2022) 131729, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131729.
  21. M.S. Hasan, J. Trapp, M. Geza, Improvement of onsite wastewater systems performance: experimental and numerical investigation, Cleaner Technol., 4 (2022) 824–840.
  22. C. Wang, B. Feng, P. Wang, W. Guo, X. Li, H. Gao, B. Zhang, J. Chen, Revealing factors influencing spatial variation in the quantity and quality of rural domestic sewage discharge across China, Process Saf. Environ. Prot., 162 (2022) 200–210.
  23. M. Makowska, J. Mazurkiewicz, Treatment of wastewater from service areas at motorways, Arch. Environ. Prot., 42 (2016) 80–89.
  24. K. Bernat, M. Zaborowska, M. Zielińska, I. Wojnowska-Baryła, W. Ignalewski, Biological treatment of leachate from stabilisation of biodegradable municipal solid waste in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 18 (2021) 1047–1060.
  25. A. Brink, C.M. Sheridan, K.G. Harding, A kinetic study of a mesophilic aerobic moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) treating paper and pulp mill effluents: the impact of phenols on biodegradation rates, J. Water Process Eng., 19 (2017) 35–41.
  26. A. Ashkanani, F. Almomani, M. Khraisheh, R. Bhosale, M. Tawalbeh, K. AlJaml, Bio-carrier and operating temperature effect on ammonia removal from secondary wastewater effluents using moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), Sci. Total Environ., 693 (2019) 133425, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.231.
  27. J. Budgen, P. Le-Clech, Assessment of brewery wastewater treatment by an attached growth bioreactor, H2Open J., 3 (2020) 32–45.
  28. Q. Gu, T. Sun, G. Wu, M. Li, W. Qiu, Influence of carrier filling ratio on the performance of moving bed biofilm reactor in treating coking wastewater, Bioresour. Technol., 166 (2014) 72–78.
  29. M.E. Ahmed, A. Al-Matouq, M. Khajah, H. Abdullah, F. Al-Ajeel, Multi-criteria assessment of onsite packaged wastewater treatment systems, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev., 13 (2022) 292–297.
  30. APHA, Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association (APHA), Washington, D.C., USA, 2017.
  31. M.E. Ahmed, R. Al-Yaseen, A. Mydlarczyk, A. Al-Haddad, Assessment of integration options of hybrid biological reactor in a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 19 (2022) 6141–6150.
  32. M.E. Ahmed, A. Al-Haddad, A. Bualbanat, Possible impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on domestic wastewater characteristics in Kuwait, J. Environ. Eng. Landscape Manage., 30 (2022) 393–411.
  33. S. Singh, P. Sharma, Y. Balhara, The impact of nationwide alcohol ban during the COVID‐19 lockdown on alcohol use‐related internet searches and behaviour in India: an infodemiology study, Drug Alcohol Rev., 40 (2021) 196–200.
  34. S.R. Jammalamadaka, E. Taufer, G.H. Terdik, On multivariate skewness and kurtosis, Sankhya A, 83 (2021) 607–644.
  35. H.A.O. Alisawi, Performance of wastewater treatment during variable temperature, Appl. Water Sci., 10 (2020) 89, doi: 10.1007/s13201-020-1171-x.
  36. B.T. Dang, T.T. Nguyen, X.T. Bui, H.H. Ngo, K.Y.A. Lin, I. Tomoaki, T. Saunders, T.N. Huynh, T.N.D. Cao, C. Visvanathan, S. Varjani, Non-submerged attached growth process for domestic wastewater treatment: influence of media types and internal recirculation ratios, Bioresour. Technol., 343 (2022) 126125, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126125.
  37. M.E. Ahmed, A. Al-Dhafeeri, A. Mydlarczyk, Predominance of attached versus suspended growth in a mixed-growth, continuous-flow biological reactor treating primary-treated petrochemical wastewater, Arabian J. Sci. Eng., 44 (2019) 4111–4117.
  38. M. Henze, M.C. van Loosdrecht, G.A. Ekama, D. Brdjanovic, Biological Wastewater Treatment: Principles, Modelling and Design, IWA Publishing, USA, 2011.
  39. J.L. Wang, L.B. Wu, Wastewater treatment in a hybrid biological reactor (HBR): nitrification characteristics, Biomed. Environ. Sci., 17 (2004) 373–379.
  40. US Army Corps of Engineers, AED Design Requirements: Package Wastewater Treatment Plants and Lagoons, US Army Corps of Engineers, USA, 2009.
  41. M.E. Ahmed, A. Mydlarczyk, A. Al-Haddad, Efficiency limiting factors of petrochemical wastewater treatment using hybrid biological reactor, J. Environ. Eng. Landscape Manage., 30 (2022) 380–392.