References

  1. P.R. Hunter, Cyanobacterial toxins and human health, J. Appl. Microbiol., (Symp. Suppl.), 84 (1998) 35S–40S.
  2. L. Chen, J. Chen, X. Zhang, P. Xie, A review of reproductive toxicity of microcystins, J. Hazard. Mater., 301 (2016) 381–399.
  3. A.L. Bogomolni, A.L. Bass, S. Fire, L. Jasperse, M. Levin, O. Nielsen, G. Waring, S. De Guise, Saxitoxin increases phocine distemper virus replication upon in-vitro infection in harbor seal immune cells, Harmful Algae, 51 (2016) 89–96.
  4. B. Poniedziałek, P. Rzymski, K. Wiktorowicz, Toxicity of cylindrospermopsin in human lymphocytes: proliferation, viability and cell cycle studies, Toxicol. In Vitro, 28 (2014) 968–974.
  5. A. Pal, Y. He, M. Jekel, M. Reinhard, K.Y.-H. Gin, Emerging contaminants of public health significance as water quality indicator compounds in the urban water cycle, Environ. Int., 71 (2014) 46–62.
  6. T. Papadimitriou, I. Kagalou, C. Stalikas, G. Pilidis, I.D. Leonardos, Assessment of microcystin distribution and biomagnification in tissues of aquatic food web compartments from a shallow lake and evaluation of potential risks to public health, Ecotoxicology, 21 (2012) 1155–1166.
  7. M. Puerto, D. Gutiérrez-Praena, A.I. Prieto, S. Pichardo, A. Jos, J.L. Miguel-Carrasco, C.M. Vazquez, A.M. Cameán, Subchronic effects of cyanobacterial cells on the transcription of antioxidant enzyme genes in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Ecotoxicology, 20 (2011) 479–490.
  8. A.S. Ferrão-Filho, B. Kozlowsky-Suzuki, Cyanotoxins: bioaccumulation and effects on aquatic animals, Mar. Drugs, 9 (2011) 2729–2772.
  9. C.A. Weirich, T.R. Miller, Freshwater harmful algal blooms: toxins and children’s health, Curr. Probl. Pediatr. Adolesc. Health Care, 44 (2014) 2–24.
  10. M. Kozdęba, J. Borowczyk, E. Zimoląg, M. Wasylewski, D. Dziga, Z. Madeja, J. Drukala, Microcystin-LR affects properties of human epidermal skin cells crucial for regenerative processes, Toxicon, 80 (2014) 38–46.
  11. S. Merel, D. Walker, R. Chicana, S. Snyder, E. Baurès, O. Thomas, State of knowledge and concerns on cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins, Environ. Int., 59 (2013) 303–327.
  12. B.W. Ibelings, L.C. Backer, W.E.A. Kardinaal, I. Chorus, Current approaches to cyanotoxin risk assessment and risk management around the globe, Harmful Algae, 40 (2014) 63–74.
  13. R. Baum, U. Amjad, J. Luh, J. Bartram, An examination of the potential added value of water safety plans to the United States national drinking water legislation, Int. J. Hyg. Envir. Heal., 218 (2015) 677–685.
  14. I. Teneva, D. Klaczkowska, T. Batsalova, Z. Kostova, B. Dzhambazov, Influence of captopril on the cellular uptake and toxic potential of microcystin-LR in non-hepatic adhesive cell lines, Toxicon, 111 (2016) 50–57.
  15. D. Sedan, M. Laguens, G. Copparoni, J.O. Aranda, L. Giannuzzi, C.A. Marra, D. Andrinolo, Hepatic and intestine alterations in mice after prolonged exposure to low oral doses of microcystin-LR, Toxicon, 104 (2015) 26–33.
  16. C.S. Romero-Oliva, V. Contardo-Jara, S. Pflugmacher, Antioxidative response of the three macrophytes Ceratophyllum demersum, Egeria densa, and Hydrilla verticillata to a time dependent exposure of cell-free crude extracts containing three microcystins from cyanobacterial blooms of Lake Amatitlán, Guatemala, Aquat. Toxicol., 163 (2015) 130–139.
  17. V.R. Oliveira, V.G.L. Mancin, E.F. Pinto, R.M. Soares, S.M.F.O. Azevedo, M. Macchione, A.R. Carvalho, W.A. Zin, Repeated intranasal exposure to microcystin-LR affects lungs but not nasal epithelium in mice, Toxicon, 104 (2015) 14–18.
  18. G.M.C. Carvalho, V.R. Oliveira, N.V. Casquilho, A.C.P. Araujo, R.M. Soares, S.M.F.O. Azevedo, K.M.P. Pires, et al., Pulmonary and hepatic injury after sub-chronic exposure to sublethal doses of microcystin-LR, Toxicon, 112 (2016) 51–58.
  19. F. Gas, B. Baus, J. Queré, A. Chapelle, C. Dreanno, Rapid detection and quantification of the marine toxic algae, Alexandrium minutum, using a super-paramagnetic immunochromatographic strip test, Talanta, 147 (2016) 581–589.
  20. Z. Luo, B. Krock, K.N. Mertens, A.M. Price, R.E. Turner, N.N. Rabalais, H. Gu, Morphology, molecular phylogeny and azaspiracid profile of Azadinium poporum (Dinophyceae) from the Gulf of Mexico, Harmful Algae, 55 (2016) 56–65.
  21. L.A. Lawton, H. Chambers, C. Edwards, A.A. Nwaopara, M. Healy, Rapid detection of microcystins in cells and water, Toxicon, 55 (2010) 973–978.
  22. H. Savela, K. Harju, L. Spoof, E. Lindehoff, J. Meriluoto, M. Vehniäinen, A. Kremp, Quantity of the dinoflagellate sxtA4 gene and cell density correlates with paralytic shellfish toxin production in Alexandrium ostenfeldii blooms, Harmful Algae, 52 (2016) 1–10.
  23. M. Adamski, P. Żmudzki, E. Chrapusta, B. Bober, A. Kaminski, K. Zabaglo, E. Latkowska, J. Bialczyk, Effect of pH and temperature on the stability of cylindrospermopsin. Characterization of decomposition products, Algal Res., 15 (2016) 129–134.
  24. M. Fraga, N. Vilariño, M.C. Louzao, D.A. Fernández, M. Poli, L.M. Botana, Detection of palytoxin-like compounds by a flow cytometry-based immunoassay supported by functional and analytical methods, Anal. Chim. Acta, 903 (2016) 1–12.
  25. L.M. Rangel, M.C.S. Soares, R. Paiva, L.H.S. Silva, Morphology- based functional groups as effective indicators of phytoplankton dynamics in a tropical cyanobacteria-dominated transitional river–reservoir system, Ecol. Indic., 64 (2016) 217–227.
  26. P. Rzymski, B. Poniedziałek, In search of environmental role of cylindrospermopsin: a review on global distribution and ecology of its producers, Water Res., 66 (2014) 320–337.
  27. T. Triantis, K. Tsimeli, T. Kaloudis, N. Thanassoulias, E. Lytras, A. Hiskia, Development of an integrated laboratory system for the monitoring of cyanotoxins in surface and drinking waters, Toxicon, 55 (2010) 979–989.
  28. R.S. Lunetta, B.A. Schaeffer, R.P. Stumpf, D. Keith, S.A. Jacobs, M.S. Murphy, Evaluation of cyanobacteria cell count detection derived from MERIS imagery across the eastern USA, Remote Sens. Environ., 157 (2015) 24–34.
  29. P. Hunter, A.N. Tyler, L. Carvalho, G.A. Codd, S. Maberly, Hyperspectral remote sensing of cyanobacterial pigments as indicators for cell populations and toxins in eutrophic lakes, Remote Sens. Environ., 114 (2010) 2705–2718.
  30. C. Zhao, M. Pelaez, D.D. Dionysiou, S.C. Pillai, J.A. Byrne, K.E. O’Shea, UV and visible light activated TiO2 photocatalysis of 6-hydroxymethyl uracil, a model compound for the potent cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin, Catal. Today, 224 (2014) 70–76.
  31. Y. Zhang, J. Tian, J. Nan, S. Gao, H. Liang, M. Wang, G. Li, Effect of PAC addition on immersed ultrafiltration for the treatment of algal-rich water, J. Hazard. Mater., 186 (2011) 1415–1424.
  32. A. Zamyadi, S. Dorner, S. Sauvé, D. Ellis, A. Bolduc, C. Bastien, M. Prévost, Species-dependence of cyanobacteria removal efficiency by different drinking water treatment processes, Water Res., 47 (2013) 2689–2700.
  33. I. Xagoraraki, D. Kuo, Water pollution: emerging contaminants associated with drinking water, In: K. Heggenhougen, S. Quah (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Public Health, Academic Press, Oxford (2008), pp. 539–550.
  34. H.-Q. Wang, T.-G. Mao, B.-D. Xi, L.-Y. Zhang, Q.-H. Zhou, KMnO4 pre-oxidation for Microcystis aeruginosa removal by a low dosage of flocculant, Ecol. Eng., 81 (2015) 298–300.
  35. M.R. Teixeira, M.J. Rosa, Comparing dissolved air flotation and conventional sedimentation to remove cyanobacterial cells of Microcystis aeruginosa: Part II. The effect of water background organics, Sep. Purif. Technol., 53 (2007) 126–134.
  36. M.R. Teixeira, M.J. Rosa, Integration of dissolved gas flotation and nanofiltration for M. aeruginosa and associated microcystins removal, Water Res., 40 (2006) 3612–3620.
  37. C. Stoquart, P. Servais, P.R. Bérubé, B. Barbeau, Hybrid membrane processes using activated carbon treatment for drinking water: a review, J. Membr. Sci., 411–412 (2012) 1–12.
  38. S. Sorlini, F. Gialdini, C. Collivignarelli, Removal of cyanobacterial cells and microcystin-LR from drinking water using a hollow fiber microfiltration pilot plant, Desalination, 309 (2013) 106–112.
  39. E. Rodríguez, G.D. Onstad, T.P.J. Kull, J.S. Metcalf, J.L. Acero, U. von Gunten, Oxidative elimination of cyanotoxins: comparison of ozone, chlorine, chlorine dioxide and permanganate, Water Res., 41 (2007) 3381–3393.
  40. M. Ribau Teixeira, M.J. Rosa, Neurotoxic and hepatotoxic cyanotoxins removal by nanofiltration, Water Res., 40 (2006) 2837–2846.
  41. H.-Y. Pei, C.-X. Ma, W.-R. Hu, F. Sun, The behaviors of Microcystis aeruginosa cells and extracellular microcystins during chitosan flocculation and flocs storage processes, Bioresour. Technol., 151 (2014) 314–322.
  42. Y. Ji, J.-l. Huang, J. Fu, M.-s. Wu, C.-w. Cui, Degradation of microcystin-RR in water by chlorine dioxide, J. China Univ. of Mining & Tech., 18 (2008) 623–628.
  43. L. Ho, P. Lambling, H. Bustamante, P. Duker, G. Newcombe, Application of powdered activated carbon for the adsorption of cylindrospermopsin and microcystin toxins from drinking water supplies, Water Res, 45 (2011) 2954–2964.
  44. X. He, M. Pelaez, J.A. Westrick, K.E. O’Shea, A. Hiskia, T. Triantis, T. Kaloudis, M.I. Stefan, A.A. de la Cruz, D.D. Dionysiou, Efficient removal of microcystin-LR by UV-C/H2O2 in synthetic and natural water samples, Water Res., 46 (2012) 1501–1510.
  45. A.J. Gijsbertsen-Abrahamse, W. Schmidt, I. Chorus, S.G.J. Heijman, Removal of cyanotoxins by ultrafiltration and nanofiltration, J. Membr. Sci., 276 (2006) 252–259.
  46. L.F. Delgado, P. Charles, K. Glucina, C. Morlay, The removal of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceutically activated compounds and cyanobacterial toxins during drinking water preparation using activated carbon—a review, Sci. Total Environ., 435–436 (2012) 509–525.
  47. D.R. de Figueiredo, U.M. Azeiteiro, S.M. Esteves, F.J.M. Gonçalves, M.J. Pereira, Microcystin-producing blooms—a serious global public health issue, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 59 (2004) 151–163.
  48. G. Pan, B. Yang, D. Wang, H. Chen, B.-H. Tian, M.-I. Zhang, X.-Z. Yuan, J. Chen, In-lake algal bloom removal and submerged vegetation restoration using modified local soils, Ecol. Eng., 37 (2011) 302–308.
  49. S. Merel, M. Clément, O. Thomas, State of the art on cyanotoxins in water and their behaviour towards chlorine, Toxicon, 55 (2010) 677.
  50. K. Tsuji, T. Watanuki, F. Kondo, M.F. Watanabe, H. Nakazawa, M. Suzuki, H. Uchida, K.-I. Harada, Stability of microcystins from cyanobacteria — IV. Effect of chlorination on decomposition, Toxicon, 35 (1997) 1033–1041.
  51. J. Koreivienė, O. Anne, J. Kasperovičienė, V. Burškytė, Cyanotoxin management and human health risk mitigation in recreational waters, Environ. Monit. Assess., 186 (2014) 4443–4459.
  52. C. Svrcek, D.W. Smith, Cyanobacteria toxins and the current state of knowledge on water treatment options: a review, J. Environ. Eng. Sci., 3 (2004) 155–185.
  53. A. Bruchet, F. Bernazeau, I. Baudin, P. Pieronne, Algal toxins in surface waters: origins and removal during drinking water treatment processes: algal toxins in surface waters: analysis and treatment, Water Supply, 16 (1998) 619–623.
  54. B.C. Nicholson, Evaluation of analytical methods for detection of cyanotoxins in relat0ion to Australian drinking water guidelines, NHMRC (2001). Available from: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au.
  55. K.-i. Harada, Laboratory analysis of cyanotoxins WHO, Chapter 13 Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A guide to their public health consequences, Monitoring and management, I. Chorus and J. Bartram eds., © 1999 WHO, ISBN 0-419-23930-8.
  56. R. Guzmán-Guillén, I. Moreno, A.I. Prieto Ortega, M.E. Soria- Díaz, V. Vasconcelos, A.M. Cameán, CYN determination in tissues from freshwater fish by LC–MS/MS: validation and application in tissues from subchronically exposed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Talanta, 131 (2015) 452–459.
  57. P.B. Fayad, A. Roy-Lachapelle, S.V. Duy, M. Prévost, S. Sauvé, On-line solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of cyanotoxins in algal blooms, Toxicon, 108 (2015) 167–175.
  58. A. Zastepa, F.R. Pick, J.M. Blais, A. Saleem, Analysis of intracellular and extracellular microcystin variants in sediments and pore waters by accelerated solvent extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 872 (2015) 26–34.
  59. S. Valsecchi, S. Polesello, M. Mazzoni, M. Rusconi, M. Petrovic, On-line sample extraction and purification for the LC–MS determination of emerging contaminants in environmental samples, Trends Environ. Anal. Chem., 8 (2015) 27–37.
  60. D.C. Szlag, J.L. Sinclair, B. Southwell, J.A. Westrick, Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins occurrence and removal from five high risk conventional treatment drinking water plants, Toxins, 7 (2015) 2198–2220.
  61. F. Gurbuz, G.A. Codd, Microcystin removal by a naturally-occurring substance: pumice, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 81 (2008) 323–327.
  62. D. Gutiérrez-Praena, A. Campos, J. Azevedo, J. Neves, M. Freitas, R. Guzmán-Guillén, A.M. Cameán, et al., Exposure of Lycopersicon Esculentum to microcystin-LR: effects in the leaf proteome and toxin translocation from water to leaves and fruits, Toxins, 6 (2014) 1837–1854.
  63. A.M. Dolman, J. Rücker, F.R. Pick, J. Fastner, T. Rohrlack, U. Mischke, C. Wiedner, Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins: the influence of nitrogen versus phosphorus, PLoS One, 7(2012) 1–14.
  64. T. Fotiou, T.M. Triantis, T. Kaloudis, K.E. O’Shea, D.D. Dionysiou, A. Hiskia, Assessment of the roles of reactive oxygen species in the UV and visible light photocatalytic degradation of cyanotoxins and water taste and odor compounds using C–TiO2, Water Res., 90 (2016) 52–61.
  65. A.F. Roegner, M.P. Schirmer, B. Puschner, B. Brena, G. Gonzalez-Sapienza, Rapid quantitative analysis of microcystins in raw surface waters with MALDI MS utilizing easily synthesized internal standards, Toxicon, 78 (2014) 94–102.
  66. R.P. Rastogi, R.P. Sinha, A. Incharoensakdi, The cyanotoxin-microcystins: current overview, Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol., 13 (2014) 215–249.
  67. D. Dagnino, J. Schripsema, 1H NMR quantification in very dilute toxin solutions: application to anatoxin-a analysis, Toxicon, 46 (2005) 236–240.
  68. S. Singh, A. Srivastava, H.-M. Oh, C.-Y. Ahn, G.-G. Choi, R.K. Asthana, Recent trends in development of biosensors for detection of microcystin, Toxicon, 60 (2012) 878–894.
  69. Z. Lin, H. Huang, Y. Xu, X. Gao, B. Qiu, X. Chen, G. Chen, Determination of microcystin-LR in water by a label-free aptamer based electrochemical impedance biosensor, Talanta, 103 (2013) 371–374.
  70. C. Zhao, R. Hu, T. Liu, Y. Liu, R. Bai, K. Zhang, Y. Yang, A non-enzymatic electrochemical immunosensor for microcystin-LR rapid detection based on Ag@MSN nanoparticles, Colloids Surf., A, 490 (2016) 336–342.
  71. L. Lvova, C.G. Gonçalves, K. Petropoulos, L. Micheli, G. Volpe, D. Kirsanov, A. Legin, et al., Electronic tongue for microcystin screening in waters, Biosens. Bioelectron., 80 (2016) 154–160.
  72. http://epa.ohio.gov/portals/28/documents/HAB/AlgalToxinTreatmentWhitePaper. pdf.
  73. H. Miao, W. Tao, The mechanisms of ozonation on cyanobacteria and its toxins removal, Sep. Purif. Technol., 66 (2009) 187–193.
  74. A. Zamyadi, L.A. Coral, B. Barbeau, S. Dorner, F.R. Lapolli, M. Prévost, Fate of toxic cyanobacterial genera from natural bloom events during ozonation, Water Res., 73 (2015) 204–215.
  75. L.A. Coral, A. Zamyadi, B. Barbeau, F.J. Bassetti, F.R. Lapolli, M. Prévost, Oxidation of Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena flos-aquae by ozone: impacts on cell integrity and chlorination by-product formation, Water Res., 47 (2013) 2983–2994.
  76. S. Yan, A. Jia, S. Merel, S.A. Snyder, K.E. O’Shea, D.D. Dionysiou, W. Song, Ozonation of cylindrospermopsin (cyanotoxin): degradation mechanisms and cytotoxicity assessments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50 (2016) 1437–1446.
  77. X. Liu, Z. Chen, N. Zhou, J. Shen, M. Ye, Degradation and detoxification of microcystin-LR in drinking water by sequential use of UV and ozone, J. Environ. Sci., 22 (2010) 1897–1902.
  78. J. Chang, Z.L. Chen, Z. Wang, J. Kang, Q. Chen, L. Yuan, J.M. Shen, Oxidation of microcystin-LR in water by ozone combined with UV radiation: the removal and degradation pathway, Chem. Eng. J., 276 (2015) 97–105.
  79. C.C. Wu, W.J. Huang, B.H. Ji, Degradation of cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin by TiO2-assisted ozonation in water, J. Environ. Sci. Health., Part A, 50 (2015) 1116–1126.