References

  1. V. Hall, A. Taye, B. Walsh, H. Maguire, J. Dave, A. Wright, C. Anderson, P. Crook, A large outbreak of gastrointestinal illness at an open-water swimming event in the River Thames, London, Epidemiol. Infect., 6 (2017) 1–10.
  2. M. Mahon, S. Doyle, Waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in the South East of Ireland: weighing up the evidence, Ir. J. Med. Sci., (2017) doi:10.1007/s11845-016-1552-1.
  3. A. Efstratiou, J.E. Ongerth, P. Karanis, Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks – an update 2011–2016, Water Res., 114 (2017) 14–22.
  4. J. Plutzer, P. Karanis, Neglected waterborne parasitic protozoa and their detection in water, Water Res., 101 (2016) 318–332.
  5. C. McKerr, G.K. Adak, G. Nichols, R. Gorton, R.M. Chalmers, G. Kafatos, P. Cosford, A. Charlett, M. Reacher, K.G. Pollock, C.L. Alexander, S. Morton, An outbreak of Cryptosporidium parvum across England and Scotland associated with consumption of fresh pre-cut salad leaves, May 2012, PLoS One, 10 (2015) e0125955.
  6. S. Baldursson, P. Karanis, Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks – an update 2004–2010, Water Res., 45 (2011) 6603–6614.
  7. P. Karanis, C. Kourenti, H. Smith, Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt, J. Water Health, 5 (2007) 1–38.
  8. K. Nygård, B. Barbara Schimmer, Ø. Søbstad, A. Walde, I. Tveit, N. Langeland, T. Hausken, A. Aavitsland, A large community outbreak of waterborne giardiasis-delayed detection in a non-endemic urban area, BMC Public Health, (2006) doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-141.
  9. W.R. MacKenzie, N.J. Hoxie, M.E. Proctor, M.S. Gradus, K.A. Blair, D.E. Peterson, J.J. Kazmierczak, D.G. Addiss, K.R. Fox, J.B. Rose, J.P. Davis, A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply, N. Engl. J. Med., 331 (1994) 161–167.
  10. L. Zhou, A. Singh, J. Jiang, L. Xiao, Molecular surveillance of Cryptosporidium spp. in raw wastewater in Milwaukee: implications for understanding outbreak occurrence and transmission dynamics, J. Clin. Microbiol., 41 (2003) 5254–5257.
  11. P. Kreidl, P. Imnadze, L. Baidoshvili, D. Greco, Investigation of an outbreak of amoebiasis in Georgia, Euro Surveill., 4 (1999) 103–104.
  12. R.M. Hardie, P.G. Wall, P. Gott, M. Bardhan, L.R. Bartlett, Infectious diarrhea in tourists staying in a resort hotel, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 5 (1999) 168–171.
  13. J.D. Bose, H. Nowlin, S.R. Farrah, V.J. Harwwod, A.D. Levine, J. Lukasik, P. Menendez, T.M. Scott, Reduction of Pathogens, Indicator Bacteria, and Alternative Indicators by Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation Processes, Water Environment Research Foundation, Co-published by IWA Publishing, Alexandria, Virginia, 2004, Chapter 1.0, p. 1–6.
  14. Anonymous, Waterborne Pathogens – Manual of Water Supply Practices, M48, 2nd ed., American Water Works Association, 2006.
  15. International Organization for Standardization, ISO Standard: Water Quality – Isolation and Identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from water, ISO 15553:2006, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006.
  16. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Method 1623: Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Water by Filtration/IMS/FA, Office of Water, EPA 815-R-05-002, 2005.
  17. J.L. Clancy, K.G. Linden, R.M. McCuin, Cryptosporidium occurrence in wastewaters and control using UV disinfection, IUVA News, 6 (2004) 10–11.
  18. D.C. Lehman, Immunodiagnosis of Infectious Diseases, C.R. Mahon, D.C. Lehman, G. Manuselis, Eds., Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, 5th ed., Saunders Elsevier, Maryland Heights, 2015, p. 23.
  19. H.V. Smith, Detection of parasites in the environment, Parasitology, 117 (1998) S113–S141.
  20. C.L. Mayer, C.J. Palmer, Evaluation of PCR, nested PCR, and fluorescent antibodies for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium species in wastewater, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62 (1996) 2081–2085.
  21. S. Sukprasert, P. Rattaprasert, Z. Hamzah, O.V. Shipin, P. Chavalitshewinkoon-Petmitr, PCR detection of Entamoeba spp. from surface and waste water samples by PCR using genusspecific primers, Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 39 (2008) 6–9.
  22. R. Girones, M.A. Ferrús, J.L. Alonso, J. Rodriguez-Manzano, B. Calgua, A. Corrêa Ade, A. Hundesa, A. Carratala, S. Bofill-Mas, Molecular detection of pathogens in water–the pros and cons of molecular techniques, Water Res., 44 (2010) 4325–4339.
  23. J. Sroka, K. Stojecki, J. Zdybel, J. Karamon, T. Cencek, J. Dutkiewicz, Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in effluent from sewage treatment plant from eastern Poland, Ann. Agric. Environ. Med., 1 (2013) 57–62.
  24. R.A. Guy, P. Payment, U.J. Krull, P.A. Horgen, Real-time PCR for quantification of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in environmental water samples and sewage, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69 (2003) 5178–5185.
  25. R. Yang, C. Murphy, Y. Song, J. Ng-Hublin, A. Estcourt, N. Hijjawi, R. Chalmers, S. Hadfield, A. Bath, C. Gordon, U. Ryan, Specific and quantitative detection and identification of Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum in clinical and environmental samples, Exp. Parasitol., 135 (2013) 142–147.
  26. D. Stark, S.E. Al-Qassab, J.L.N. Barratt, K. Stanley, T. Roberts, D. Marriott, J. Harkness, J.T. Ellis, Evaluation of multiplex tandem real-time PCR for detection of Cryptosporidium spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia intestinalis in clinical stool samples, J. Clin. Microbiol., 49 (2011) 257–262.
  27. G. Spanakos, A. Biba, A. Mavridou, P. Karanis, Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in recycled waters used for irrigation and first description of Cryptosporidium parvum and C. muris in Greece, Parasitol. Res., 114 (2015) 1803–1810.
  28. P. Karanis, J. Plutzer, N.A. Halim, K. Igori, H. Nagasawa, J. Ongerth, M. Liqing, Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium species from animal sources in Qinghai province of China, Parasitol. Res., 101 (2007) 1575–1580.
  29. C. Read, J. Walters, I.D. Robertson, R.C. Thompson, Correlation between genotype of Giardia duodenalis and diarrhoea, Int. J. Parasitol., 32 (2002) 229–231.
  30. A. Evangelopoulos, G. Spanakos, E. Patsoula, N. Vakalis, N. Legakis, A nested, multiplex, PCR assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba disparin faeces, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 94 (2000) 233–240.
  31. Food and Drug Administration, Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff, Statistical Guidance on Reporting Results from Studies Evaluating Diagnostic Tests, 2007.
  32. J.A. Swets, Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems, Science, 240 (1998) 1285–1293.
  33. J.R. Landis, G.G. Koch, The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data, Biometrics, 33 (1977) 159–174.
  34. A.J. Vierra, J.M. Garrett, Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic, Fam. Med., 37 (2005) 360–363.
  35. M. Burns, H. Valdivia, Modelling the limit of detection in realtime quantitative PCR, Eur. Food Res. Technol., 226 (2008) 151–1524.
  36. C. Schrader, A. Schielke, L. Ellerbroek, R. Johne, PCR inhibitors– occurrence, properties and removal, J. Appl. Microbiol., 113 (2012) 1014–1026.
  37. C.H. Chang, Cohen’s kappa for capturing discrimination, Int. Health, 6 (2014) 125–129.
  38. J.L. Clancy, Lessons from the 1998 Sydney water crisis, Water, 28 (2001) 33–36.
  39. J.L. Clancy, Sydney’s 1998 water quality crisis, J. AWWA, 92 (2000) 55–66.
  40. M.R. Rodgers, D.J. Flanigan, W. Jakubowski, Identification of algae which interfere with the detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts and a method for alleviating this interference, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61 (1995) 3759–3763.
  41. U. Ryan, R. Fayer, L. Xiao, Cryptosporidium species in human and animals: current understanding and research needs, Parasitology, 141 (2014) 1667–1685.
  42. Y. Feng, A.A. Lal, N. Li, L. Xiao, Subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp. in mice and other small mammals, Exp. Parasitol., 127 (2011) 238–242.
  43. L. Xiao, Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update, Exp. Parasitol., 124 (2010) 80–89.
  44. D.O. Oliver, Infection with Minimal Quantities of Pathogens from Wastewater Aerosols, H. Pahren, W. Jakubowski, Wastewater Aerosols and Disease, EPA-600/9-80-028, 1980, pp. 78–89.
  45. M. Manser, M. Granlund, H. Edwards, A. Saez, E. Petersen, B. Evengard, P. Chiodini, Detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in clinical laboratories in Europe – a comparative study, Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 20 (2014) O65–O71.
  46. M.H. Zweig, G. Campbell, Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plots: a fundamental evaluation tool in clinical medicine, Clin. Chem., 39 (1993) 561–577.
  47. M. Greiner, D. Pfeiffer, R.D. Smith, Principles and practical application of the receiver-operating characteristic analysis for diagnostic tests, Prev. Vet. Med., 45 (2000) 23–41.
  48. E. Vassalou, C.M. Vassalos, E.-T. Piperaki, N. Vakalis, To Notice the Unnoticed (Studying Overlooked Intestinal Protozoa in Greece), Research in Progress 2010: Short Presentations and Posters, The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, England, 2010.
  49. M. Pouyiouka, A. Poulaki, P. Charchalakis, G. Georgiopoulos, E. Vassalou, M. Toutouza, Amoebic Dysentery in a Woman Who Has Recently Given Birth: A Case Report, Abstract Book of the 5th Pan-Hellenic Conference of Greek Society for Infection Control, Athens, 2012, p. 35 (in Greek).
  50. V. Papavasilopoulos, A. Biba, P. Karanis, Investigation of diarrheal feces for cryptosporidia, Abstract Book of the 41st Pan-Hellenic Medical Congress, Athens, 2015, p. 101 (in Greek).
  51. R.D. Arnone, J.P. Walling, Evaluating Cryptosporidium and Giardia concentrations in combined sewer overflow, J. Water Health, 4 (2006) 157–165.
  52. C. Gibson, K. Stadterman, K. States, J. Sykora, Combined sewer overflows: a source of Cryptosporidium and Giardia? Water Sci. Technol., 38 (1998) 67–72.
  53. S. States, S. Stadterman, L. Ammon, P. Vogel, J. Baldizar, D. Wright, L. Conley, J. Sykora, Protozoa in river water: sources, occurrence, and treatment, J. AWWA, 89 (1997) 74–82.
  54. J. Ottoson, A. Hansen, T. Westrell, K. Johansen, H. Norder, T.A. Stenstrom, Removal of noro- and enteroviruses, Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts, and fecal indicators at four secondary wastewater treatment plants in Sweden, Water Environ. Res., 78 (2006) 828–834.
  55. L.J. Robertson, L. Hermansen, B.K. Gjerde, Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in sewage in Norway, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72 (2006) 5297–5303.
  56. P. Payment, R. Plante, P. Cejka, Removal of indicator bacteria, human enteric viruses, Giardia cysts, and Cryptosporidium oocysts at a large wastewater primary treatment facility, Can. J. Microbiol., 47 (2001) 188–193.
  57. A. Evangelopoulos, N. Vakalis, N. Legakis, Microscopy, PCR and ELISA applied to the epidemiology of amoebiasis in Greece, Parasitol. Int., 50 (2001) 185–189.
  58. L.J. Robertson, C.A. Paton, A.T. Campbell, P.G. Smith, M.H. Jackson, R.A. Gilmour, S.E. Black, D.A. Stevenson, H.V. Smith, Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts at sewage treatment works in Scotland, UK, Water Res., 34 (2000) 2310–2322.