References

  1. United Nations (UN), Water Scarcity, 2014. Available at: http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml (Accessed 17 April 2017).
  2. E. Friedler, M. Hadari, Economic feasibility of on-site greywater reuse in multi-storey buildings, Desalination, 190 (2005) 221–234.
  3. World Bank, Population Growth (annual %): South Africa, 2017a. Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW?locations=ZA (Accessed 13 April 2017).
  4. World Bank, Urban Population (% of total): South Africa, 2017b. Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=ZA (Accessed 13 April 2017).
  5. World Bank, Annual Freshwater Withdrawals, Total (billion cubic meters): South Africa, 2017c. Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ER.H2O.FWTL.K3?locations=ZA (Accessed 13 April 2017).
  6. World Bank, Renewable Internal Freshwater Resources per Capita (cubic meters), 2017d. Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ER.H2O.INTR.PC?locations=ZA (Accessed 17 April 2017).
  7. Lesotho Highlands Development Authority (LHDA), Lesotho Highlands Water Project, 2014. Available at: http://www.lhda.org.ls/ (Accessed 18 April 2017).
  8. M. De Lange, War on Hunger: Some Impacts of the DWAF Rainwater Harvesting Pilot Programme. Report to the Water Resources Finance and Pricing DWAF Directorate, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa, 2006.
  9. Water research Commission of South Africa (WRC), Technical Brief: Investigating the Sustainability of Desalination and Water Reuse, 2016. Available at: http://www.wrc.org.za/Pages/DisplayItem.aspx?ItemID=11591&FromURL=%2fPages%2fKH_AdvancedSearch (Accessed 18 April 2017).
  10. Infrastructure news, Despite delays, Lesotho Water Project to Be Completed by 2025, 2017. Available at: www.infrastructurene.ws/2016/10/31/despite-delays-lesotho-water-project-to-becompleted-by-2025/# (Accessed 20 April 2017).
  11. Biznews, Water Shortages Loom for SA: Worst Drought in Two Decades, 2015. Available at: http://www.biznews.com/undictated/2015/05/20/water-shortages-loom-for-sa-worstdrought-in-two-decades/ (Accessed 20 February 2016).
  12. OXFAM, Entering Uncharted Waters: El Niño and the Threat to Food Security, 2015. Available at: https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/file_attachments/mb-el-nino-unchartedwaters_1.pdf (Accessed 20 February 2016).
  13. B.M. Zuma, R. Tandlich, K. Whittington-Jones, J.E. Burgess, Mulch Tower Treatment System Part 1: Overall Performance in Greywater Treatment, Desalination, 242 (2009) 38–56.
  14. A. Albalawneh, T.K. Chang, C.S. Chou, Impacts on soil quality from long-term irrigation with treated greywater, Paddy Water Environ., 14 (2016) 289–297.
  15. N.P. Ngqwala, R. Tandlich, S. Al-Adawi, M. Ahmed, P. Madikizela, Reuse of greywater to retrench water needs, Caledonian J. Eng. – Oman, 11 (2015) 2–6.
  16. N. Rodda, L. Salukazana, S.A.F. Jackson, M.T. Smith, Use of domestic greywater for small-scale irrigation of food crops: effects on plants and soil, Phys. Chem. Earth, 36 (2011) 1051–1062.
  17. R. Tandlich, B.M. Zuma, J.E. Burgess, K. Whittington-Jones, Mulch tower treatment system for greywater re-use. Part II: destructive testing and effluent treatment, Desalination, 242 (2009) 57–69.
  18. Rhodes University Environment (2015–2017), Water: Grahamstown Is a Water Disaster Area. Available at: http://www.ru.ac.za/environment/resources/water/ (Accessed 22 May 2017).
  19. N. Mofokeng, The Greywater Situation in Informal Settlements of the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality - Eastern Region (Gauteng, South Africa), Mini-Thesis for the Degree of Masters in Environmental Management, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa, 2008.
  20. K. Whittington-Jones, R. Tandlich, B.M. Zuma, S. Hoossein, M.H. Villet, Performance of the pilot-scale mulch tower system in treatment of greywater from a low-cost housing development in the Buffalo City, South Africa, Int. Water Technol. J., 1 (2011) 165–181.
  21. K. Carden, N. Armitage, K. Winter, O. Sichone, U. Rivett, Understanding the Use and Disposal of Greywater in Nonsewered Areas in South Africa, Water Research Commission Report No. 1524/1/07, Pretoria, South Africa, 2007.
  22. R. Tandlich, C.D. Luyt, B.M. Zuma, Recycled Water Microbiology, S. Eslamian, Ed., Urban Recycled Water Handbook, CRC Press - Taylor and Francis, London, UK, 2015, pp. 45–54.
  23. B.M. Zuma, The Efficacy and Applicability of Low-cost Adsorbent Materials in Wastewater Treatment, PhD Thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa, 2012.
  24. N.P. Ngqwala, Modification and Application of the Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Technology for Greywater Treatment to Reduce Water Needs, PhD Thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa, 2015.
  25. U. Pinto, B. Maheshwari, Issues and Challenges of Greywater Reuse for Irrigation in Australia – A Case Study of Western Sydney Region, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia, 2007.
  26. E.C. Ukpong, J.C. Agunwamba, Greywater Re-use for Irrigation, Int. J. Appl. Sci. Technol., 2 (2010) 97–113.
  27. R. Tandlich, B.M. Zuma, S.A. Dyongman, A. Slaughter, Characterization of Greywater from Selected Sites in South Africa for Potential Reuse in Irrigation, Proc. International Conference on Water Resource Management (AfricaWRM 2008), 8–10 September, Gaborone, Botswana, 2008.
  28. B.F. Bakare, S. Mtsweni, S. Rathilal, A pilot study into public attitudes and perceptions towards greywater reuse in low cost housing development in Durban, South Africa, J. Water Reuse Desal., 6 (2016) 345–354.
  29. T. Nhokodi, T., Nqowana, D. Collings, R. Tandlich, N. Köhly, Civic engagement and environmental sustainability in teaching and learning at a higher education institution in South Africa, Acta Technol. Dubnicae, 6 (2016) 66–82.
  30. Drip Works, Home Garden Screen, 2017. Available at: https://www.dripworks.com/drip-irrigation/filters/home-gardenscreen (Accessed 09 February 2017).
  31. R. Tandlich, M. Ncube, S.M.M. Khamanga, B.M. Zuma, A case study on the health risks related to flood disasters in South Africa, J. Disaster Res., 11 (2016) 732–741.
  32. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water and Environment Federation, Standards Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed., Washington, DC, USA, 1998.
  33. The HACH Company, COD Explained: Oxygen Demand, Chemical for Wastewater Reactor Digestion Using Potassium Dichromate Method. Available at: https://www.hach.com/asset-get.download-en.jsa?code=57263 (Accessed 24 April 2016).
  34. H. Olvera-Vargas, T. Cocerva, N. Oturan, D. Buisson, M.A. Oturan, Bio-electro Fenton: a sustainable integrated process for removal of organic pollutants from water: application to mineralisation of metoprolol, J. Hazard. Mater., 319 (2016) 13–23.
  35. Z.N. Al-Qudsi, H.M.A. Abood, The electronic transition behavior Cr (III), Fe (III), Fe (II) and Ni (II), transition metal cations in ammonium alum-urea room temperature ionic liquid, J. Al-Nahrain Univ., 16 (2013) 46–55.
  36. J. Cerar, Reaction between chromium(III) and EDTA ions: an overlooked mechanism of case study reaction of chemical kinetics, Acta Chim. Slov., 62 (2015) 538–545.
  37. CasLab, US EPA method 353.2, 2013. Available at: http://www.caslab.com/EPA-Method-353_2/ (Accessed 24 April 2017).
  38. CasLab, US EPA method 365.2, 2013. Available at: http://www.caslab.com/EPA-Method-365_2/ (Accessed 24 April 2017).
  39. H. Eibl, W.E.M. Lands, A new, sensitive determination of phosphate, Anal. Biochem., 30 (1969) 51–57.
  40. CasLab, US EPA method 350.1, 2013. Available at: http://www.caslab.com/EPA-Method-350_1/ (Accessed 24 April 2017).
  41. A. Hall, Application of the indophenol blue method to the determination of ammonium in silica rocks and minerals, Appl. Geochem., 8 (1993) 101–105.
  42. Y. Kuroiwa, J. Kataoka, Spectrophotometric determination of indicator time test value for beer, Bull. Agric. Soc. Japan, 24 (1960) 511–516.
  43. CasLab, US EPA method 325.1, 2013. Available at: http://www.caslab.com/EPA-Method-325_1/ (Accessed 24 April 2013).
  44. R. Tandlich, C.D. Luyt, W.J. Muller, Faecal Contamination Source Identification Using a Combination of Chemical and Microbial Biomarkers, Water Research Commission of South Africa, Project Research Report No. KV 295/12, Pretoria, South Africa, 2012.
  45. D.L. Rowell, Soil Science: Methods and Applications, Longman Scientific & Technical/Wiley, Harlow, 1994.
  46. F. Moyo, R. Tandlich, P. Madikizela, E. Chifunda, G.M. Watkins, Sorption of trioctyl amine to kaolinite, Fresenius Environ. Bull., 25 (2016) 78–88.
  47. B.J.W. Tuin, M. Tels, Removing heavy metals from contaminated clay soils by extraction with hydrochloric acid, EDTA or hypochlorite solutions, Environ Technol., 11 (1990) 1039–1052.
  48. H. Amlqvist, J. Hanæus, Organic hazardous substances in graywater from Swedish households, J. Environ. Eng., 132 (2006) 901–908.
  49. D.I. Harrow, J.M. Felker, K.H. Baker, Impacts of Triclosan greywater on soil microorganisms, Appl. Environ. Soil Sci., 2011 (2011) 1–8. doi: 10.1155/2011/646750.
  50. N. Rodda, K. Carden, N. Armitage, Sustainable use of greywater in small-scale agriculture and gardens in South Africa, Guidance Report, Water Research Commission, Technical Report TT 469/10, Pretoria, South Africa. Available at: http://www.wrc.org.za/Pages/DisplayItem.aspx?ItemID=9046&FromURL=%2fPages%2fKH_AdvancedSearch.aspx%3fdt%3d%26ms%3d%26d%3dSustainable+use+of+greywater+in+small-scale+Agriculture+and+gardens+in+South+Africa%26start%3d1 (Accessed 9 May 2017).
  51. N.P. Ngqwala, B.M. Zuma, R. Tandlich, Greywater Composition and Treatment in a Coastal Area of South Africa, Proc. 5th International Scientific and Expert Conference of the International TEAM Society, 4–6 November, Prešov, 2013, pp. 320–323.
  52. B.M. Zuma, R. Tandlich, Modifications and Monitoring of the Laboratory Scale Greywater Filter Tower Treatment System, In: Novel Approaches to Rainwater Harvesting, Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, NY, USA, 2017, pp. 123–156.
  53. World Health Organisation, WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater, Vol. IV: Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture, Paris, France, 2006.
  54. Environmental Protection Agency – Victoria, Guidelines for Environmental Management: Use of Reclaimed Water, EPA Victoria, Publication 464.2, Southbank, Victoria, Australia. Available at: www.epa.vic.gov.au/~/media/Publications/4642.pdf (Accessed 30 July 2017).
  55. J.L. Sotelo, G. Ovejero, J.A. Delgado, I. Martinez, Comparison of adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of four chlorinated organics from water onto GAC, Water Res., 36 (2002) 599–608.
  56. S. Wang, Y. Boyjoo, A. Chouieb, Z.H. Zhu, Removal of dyes from aqueous solution using fly ash and red mud, Water Res., 39 (2005) 129–138.
  57. D. Orhon, E.U. Cokgor, COD Fractionation in wastewater characterization – the state of the art, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 68 (1997) 283–293.
  58. M.J. Travis, A. Wiel-Shafran, N. Weisbrod, E. Adar, A. Gross, Greywater reuse for irrigation: effect on soil properties, Sci. Total Environ., 408 (2010) 2501–2508.
  59. X. Le Roux, B. Schmid, F. Poly, R.L. Barnard, P.A. Niklaus, N. Guillaumaud, M. Habekost, Y. Oelmann, L. Philippot, J.F. Salles, M. Schloter, S. Steinbeiss, A. Weigelt, Soil environmental conditions and microbial build-up mediate the effect of plant diversity on soil nitrifying and denitrifying enzyme activities in temperate grasslands, PLoS One, 8 (2013) e61069.
  60. M.J. Travis, N. Weisbrod, A. Gross, Accumulation of oil and grease in soils irrigated with greywater and their potential role in soil water repelency, Sci. Total Environ., 394 (2008) 68–74.
  61. A.M. Palese, V. Pasquale, G. Celano, G. Figliuolo, S. Masi, C. Xiloyannis, Irrigation of olive groves in Southern Italy with treated municipal wastewater: effect on microbiological quality of soil and fruit, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 129 (2009) 43–51.
  62. S.K. Deshmukh, A.K. Singh, S.P. Datta, Impact of wastewater irrigation on the dynamics of metal concentrations in the vadose zone: monitoring: part I, Environ. Monit. Assess., 187 (2015) 695.
  63. Food and Agricultural Organisation/World Health Organisation, Report on the 32nd Session of the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants Joint Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) and World Health Organisation (WHO) Food Standard Programme Codex Alimentarius Commission, 24th Session (2–7 July), Geneva, Switzerland.
  64. L.L. Mzini, K. Winter, Analysis of greywater used for irrigating vegetables and possible effects on soils in the vicinity of Umtata Dam, Eastern Cape, Water SA, 41 (2015) 115–120.
  65. A.K. Gupta, S. Sinha, Assessment of a single extraction method for the prediction of bioavailability of metals to Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (var. Vaihab) grown on tannery waste contaminated soil, J. Hazard. Mater., 136 (2007) 144–150.
  66. S. Khalid, M. Shahid, C. Dumat, N.K. Niazi, I. Bibi, H.F.S.G. Bakhat, Influence of groundwater and wastewater irrigation on lead accumulation in soil and vegetables: implications for health risk assessment and phytoremediation, Int. J. Phytorem., 2017. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15226514.2017.1319330 (Accessed on 31 October 2017).
  67. C.J. Smith, J.D. Oster, G. Sposito, Potassium and magnesium in irrigation water quality assessment, Agric. Water Manage., 157 (2015) 59–64.
  68. Plants in Action: 16.5.2 Aluminium and Manganese Toxicity. Available at: http://plantsinaction.science.uq.edu.au/edition1/?q=content/16-5-2-aluminium-and-manganesetoxicities (Accessed 7 August 2017).
  69. L. Salukazana, S. Jackson, N. Rodda, M. Smith, T. Gounden, N. McLeod, C. Buckley, Re-use of Greywater for Agricultural Irrigation, ewisa.co.za/literature/files/242_Salukazana.pdf (Accessed 8 August 2017).