References

  1. J. O’Keeffe, J.A. Akunna, J. Olszewska, A. Bruce, L. May, R. Allan, Practical Measures for Reducing Phosphorus and Faecal Microbial Loads from Onsite Wastewater Treatment System Discharges to the Environment. A Review, Scotland’s Centre of Expertise for Waters (CREW), James Hutton Inst., Aberdeen, UK, 2015.
  2. M.I. Stutter, L. Jackson-Blake, L. May, S. Richards, A. Vinten, Factoring Ecological Significance of Sources into Phosphorus Source Apportionment, Scotland’s Centre of Expertise for Waters (CREW), James Hutton Inst., Aberdeen, UK, 2014.
  3. SNIFFER, Provision of a Screening Tool to Identify and Characterise Diffuse Pollution Pressures: Phase II. Available from: http://www.sniffer.org.uk/files/4313/4183/7424/WFD19.pdf (Accessed 25 November 2014).
  4. D. Cordell, J.-O. Drangert, S. White. The story of phosphorus: global food security and food for thought, Global Environ. Change, 19 (2009) 292–305.
  5. K. Lowe, N. Rothe, J. Tomaras, K. DeJong, M. Tucholke, J. Drewes, J. McCray, J. Munakata-Marr, Influent Constituent Characteristics of the Modern Waste Stream from Single Sources: Literature Review, Water Environment Research Foundation and IWA Publishing, London, 2007.
  6. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), Consultation on Options for Controls on Phosphates in Domestic Laundry Cleaning Products in England, 2008. Available from: http://www.endseurope.com/docs/80215a.pdf (Accessed 1 October 2014).
  7. European Union. Regulation (EU) No. 259/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Strasbourg, 2012.
  8. B. Alhajjar, C. Gould, G. Chesters, J. Harkin, Influence of detergent formulation on nutrient movement through sand columns simulating mound and conventional septic system drainfields, J. Contam. Hydrol., 6 (1990) 337–356.
  9. F.A. Hoffman, J.W. Bishop, Impacts of a phosphate detergent ban on concentrations of phosphorus in the James River, Virginia, Water Res., 28 (1994) 1239–1240.
  10. US Environmental Protection Agency, Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual, EPA/625/R-00/008, 2002.
  11. R.H. Foy, S.D. Lennox, C.E. Gibson, Changing perspectives on the importance of urban phosphorus inputs as the cause of nutrient enrichment in Lough Neagh, Sci. Total Environ., 310 (2003) 87–99.
  12. S. Comber, M. Gardner, K. Georges, D. Blackwood, D. Gilmour, Domestic source of phosphorus to sewage treatment works, Environ. Technol., 34 (2013) 1349–1358.
  13. L. May, C.J. Place, M. O’Malley, B. Spears, The Impact of Phosphorus Inputs from Small Discharges on Designated Freshwater Sites, Final Report to Natural England and Broads Authority, 2010.
  14. P.D. Jenssen, T. Krogstad, A.M. Paruch, T. Maehlum, K. Adam, C.A. Arias, A. Heistad, L. Jonsson, D. Hellström, H. Brix, M. Yli- Halla, L. Vråle, M. Valve, Filter bed systems treating domestic wastewater in the Nordic countries – performance and reuse of filter media, Ecol. Eng., 36 (2010) 1651–1659.
  15. M.C. Ockenden, J.N. Quinton, N. Favaretto, C. Deasy, B. Surridge, Reduced nutrient pollution in a rural stream following septic tank upgrade and installation of runoff retention measures, Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts, 16 (2014) 1637–1645.
  16. W. Brownlie, L. May, C. MacDonald, S. Roaf, B.M. Spears, Assessment of a novel development policy for the control of phosphorus losses from private sewage systems to the Loch Leven catchment, Scotland, UK, Environ. Sci. Policy, 38 (2014) 207–216.
  17. L. May, P.J. Withers, C. Stratford, M. Bowes, D. Robinson, E. Gozzard, Development of a Risk Assessment Tool to Assess the Significance of Septic Tanks around Freshwater SSSIs: Phase 1 – Understanding Better the Retention of Phosphorus in the Drainage Fields, Report to Natural England NECR171, 2014.
  18. M. Kõiv, C. Vohla, R. Mõtlep, M. Liira, K. Kirsimäe, Ü. Mander, The performance of peat-filled subsurface flow filters treating landfill leachate and municipal wastewater, Ecol. Eng., 35 (2009) 204–212.
  19. C. Nilsson, R. Lakshmanan, G. Renman, G.K. Rajarao, Efficacy of reactive mineral-based sorbents for phosphate, bacteria, nitrogen and TOC removal – column experiment in recirculation batch mode, Water Res., 47 (2013) 5165–5175.
  20. T. Mæhlum, P. Stålnacke, Removal efficiency of three coldclimate constructed wetlands treating domestic wastewater: effects of temperature, seasons, loading rates and input concentrations, Water Sci. Technol., 40 (1999) 273–281.
  21. C. Vohla, M. Kõiv, H.J. Bavor, F. Chazarenc, Ü. Mander, Filter materials for phosphorus removal from wastewater in treatment wetlands—a review, Ecol. Eng., 37 (2011) 70–89.
  22. C. Nilsson, G. Renman, L. Johansson Westholm, A. Renman, A. Drizo, Effect of organic load on phosphorus and bacteria removal from wastewater using alkaline filter materials, Water Res., 47 (2013) 6289–6297.
  23. R.A. Patterson, Peat Treatment of Septic Tank Effluent, R. Patterson, Ed., Proc. Onsite ‘99 Conference: Making On-site Wastewater Systems Work, Armidale, New South Wales, 1999, pp. 273–281.
  24. M.A. Duenas, C.J. Stratford, S. Mackenzie, Nutrient Dynamics in a Semi-natural Treatment Reedbed, Poster, Constructed Wetlands Conference: Reducing Rural Pollution Risk, Edinburgh, 2007. Available from: http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/10014/ (Accessed 1 October 2014).
  25. D. Cordell, S. White, Peak phosphorus: clarifying the key issues of a vigorous debate about long-term phosphorus security, Sustainability, 3 (2011) 2027–2049.
  26. D. Eveborn, D. Kong, J.P. Gustafsson, Wastewater treatment by soil infiltration: long-term phosphorus removal, J. Contam. Hydrol., 140–141 (2012) 24–33.
  27. F.A. Nasr, B. Mikhaeil, Treatment of domestic wastewater using conventional and baffled septic tanks, Environ. Technol., 34 (2013) 2337–2343.
  28. J. Akunna, C. Jefferies, Performance of family-size sequencing batch reactor and rotating biological contactor units treating sewage at various operating conditions, Water Sci. Technol., 41 (2000) 97–104.
  29. N.-B. Chang, Z. Xuan, A. Daranpob, M. Wanielista, A subsurface upflow wetland system for removal of nutrients and pathogens in on-site sewage treatment and disposal systems, Environ. Eng. Sci., 28 (2011) 11–25.
  30. A. Nguyen, N. Pham, T. Nguyen, A. Morel, K. Tonderski, Improved septic tank with constructed wetland, a promising decentralised wastewater treatment alternative in Vietnam, NOWRA 16th Annual Technical Education Conference & Exposition, Baltimore, Maryland, 2007.
  31. B. Macler, J. Merkle, Current knowledge of groundwater microbial pathogens and their control, Hydrogeol. J., 8 (2000) 29–40.
  32. S. Malham, P. Rajko-Nenow, E. Howlett, K. Tuson, T. Perkins, D. Pallett, H. Wang, C. Jago, D. Jones, J. McDonald, The interaction of human microbial pathogens, particulate material and nutrients in estuarine environments and their impacts on recreational and shellfish waters, Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts, 16 (2014) 2145–2155.
  33. D. Kay, J. Crowther, M. Stapleton, M. Wyer, L. Fewtrell, A. Edwards, C. Francis, A. McDonald, J. Watkins, J. Wilkinson, Faecal indicator organism concentrations in sewage and treated effluents, Water Res., 42 (2008) 442–454.
  34. L. Gill, C. O’Súilleabháin, B. Misstear, P. Johnston, The treatment performance of different subsoils in Ireland receiving on-site wastewater effluent, J. Environ. Qual., 36 (2007) 1843–1855.
  35. A. Kadam, G. Oza, P. Nemade, H. Shankar, Pathogen removal from municipal wastewater in constructed soil filter, Ecol. Eng., 33 (2008) 37–44.
  36. S. Mbuligwe, Applicability of a septic tank/engineered wetland coupled system in the treatment and recycling of wastewater from a small community, Environ. Manage., 35 (2005) 99–108.
  37. R. Harrison, N. Turner, J. Hoyle, J. Krejsl, D. Tone, C. Henry, P. Isaksen, D. Xue, Treatment of septic effluent for fecal coliform and nitrogen in coarse-textured soils: use of soil-only and sand filter systems, Water Air Soil Pollut., 124 (2000) 205–215.
  38. J. Pundsack, R. Axler, R. Hicks, J. Henneck, D. Nordman, B. McCarthy, Seasonal pathogen removal by alternative on-site wastewater treatment systems, Water Environ. Res., 73 (2001) 204–212.
  39. A. Blanch, J. Caplin, A. Iversen, I. Kühn, A. Manero, H. Taylor, X. Vilanova, Comparison of enterococcal populations related to urban and hospital wastewater in various climatic and geographic European regions, J. Appl. Microbiol., 94 (2003) 994–1002.
  40. J. Tomaras, J. Sahl, R. Siegrist, J. Spear, Microbial diversity of septic tank effluent and a soil biomat, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 75 (2009) 3348–3351.
  41. T. Stevik, K. Aa, G. Ausland, J. Hanssen, Retention and removal of pathogenic bacteria in wastewater percolating through porous media: a review, Water Res., 38 (2004) 1355–1367.
  42. N. O’Luanaigh, P. Johnston, B. Misstear, T. Patel, L. Gill, A comparative study on the treatment performance of a conventional septic tank system and reed bed-soil absorption system receiving domestic effluent, Desal. Wat. Treat., 4 (2009) 45–53.
  43. L. Pang, M. Close, M. Goltz, L. Sinton, H. Davies, C. Hall, G. Stanton, Estimation of septic tank setback distances based on transport of E. coli and F-RNA phages, Environ. Int., 29 (2003) 907–921.
  44. C. Beal, E. Gardner, G. Kirchhof, N. Menzies, Long-term flow rates and biomat zone hydrology in soil columns receiving septic tank effluent, Water Res., 40 (2006) 2327–2338.
  45. N. O’Luanaigh, L. Gill, B. Misstear, P. Johnston, The attenuation of microorganisms in on-site wastewater effluent discharged into highly permeable subsoils, J. Contam. Hydrol., 142–143 (2012) 126–139.
  46. L.J. Arnade, Seasonal correlation of well contamination and septic tank distance, Ground Water, 37 (1999) 920–923.
  47. G. Chen, S. Walker, Role of solution chemistry and ion valence on the adhesion kinetics of groundwater and marine bacteria, Langmuir, 23 (2007) 7162–7169.
  48. A. Okoh, T. Sibanda, S. Gusha, Inadequately treated wastewater as a source of human enteric viruses in the environment, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 7 (2010) 2620–2637.