References

  1. W. Duan, B. He, K. Takara, P. Luo, D. Nover, N. Sahu, Y. Yamashiki, Spatiotemporal evaluation of water quality incidents in Japan between 1996 and 2007, Chemosphere, 93 (2013) 946–953.
  2. W. Duan, K. Takara, B. He, P. Luo, D. Nover, Y. Yamashiki, Spatial and temporal trends in estimates of nutrient and suspended sediment loads in the Ishikari River, Japan, 1985 to 2010, Sci. Total Environ., 461 (2013) 499–508.
  3. S. Sharma, A. Roy, M. Agrawal, Spatial variations in water quality of river Ganga with respect to land uses in Varanasi, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 23 (2016) 21872–21882.
  4. H. Boyacioglu, Spatial differentiation of water quality between reservoirs under anthropogenic and natural factors based on statistical approach, Arch. Environ. Prot., 40 (2014) 41–50.
  5. S. Tyagi, B. Sharma, P. Singh, R. Dobhal, Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index, Am. J. Water Resour., 1 (2013) 34–38.
  6. S. Ahuja, Monitoring Water Quality: Pollution Assessment, Analysis, and Remediation, Newnes, Elsevier, Oxyford, UK, 2013.
  7. T. Srebotnjak, G. Carr, A. de Sherbinin, C. Rickwood, A global water quality index and hot-deck imputation of missing data, Ecol. Indic., 17 (2012) 108–119.
  8. D. Haldar, S. Halder, P. Das, G. Halder, Assessment of water quality of Damodar River in South Bengal region of India by Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment (CCME) Water Quality Index: a case study, Desal. Wat. Treat., 57 (2016) 3489–3502.
  9. L.N. Mnisi, Assessment of the state of the water quality of the Lusushwana River, Swaziland, using selected water quality indices, University of Zimbabwe, 2012. Available at: http://196.4.80.91/bitstream/handle/10646/802/Mnisi%20Lucky%20Nhlanhla%20-%20MSc%20%20IWRM%202009-2010%20Final%20Thesis.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  10. I. Gupta, A. Kumar, C. Singh, R. Kumar, Detection and mapping of water quality variation in the Godavari River using water quality index, clustering and GIS techniques, J. Geographic Inf. Syst., 7 (2015) 71.
  11. E. Gowa, Rwanda State of Environment and Outlook— Our Environment for Economic Development, Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) and United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Kigali, Rwanda, 2009.
  12. T. Wronski, M.C. Dusabe, A. Apio, B. Hausdorf, C. Albrecht, Biological assessment of water quality and biodiversity in Rwandan rivers draining into Lake Kivu, Aquat. Ecol., 49 (2015) 309–320.
  13. N.B. Initiative, National Nile Basin Water Quality Monitoring Baseline Report for Rwanda, Nile Basin Initiative Transboundary Environmental Action Project, Kigali, 2005.
  14. B. Sekomo, V. Uwamariya, M. Birori, E. Nkundimana, J. Nkuranga, Water Quality Monitoring in Rwanda, Report I: October–November 2011, Technical Report to Rwanda Natural Resources Authority, National University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda, 2012.
  15. F.A. Muvundja, A. Wüest, M. Isumbisho, M.B. Kaningini, N. Pasche, P. Rinta, M. Schmid, Modelling Lake Kivu water level variations over the last seven decades, Limnologica, 47 (2014) 21–33.
  16. C. Morana, F. Darchambeau, F. Roland, A. Borges, F. Muvundja, Z. Kelemen, P. Masilya, J. Descy, S. Bouillon, Biogeochemistry of a large and deep tropical lake (Lake Kivu, East Africa: insights from a stable isotope study covering an annual cycle, Biogeosciences, 12 (2015) 4953.
  17. A.V. Borges, C. Morana, S. Bouillon, P. Servais, J.-P. Descy, F. Darchambeau, Carbon cycling of Lake Kivu (East Africa): net autotrophy in the epilimnion and emission of CO2 to the atmosphere sustained by geogenic inputs, PLoS One, 9 (2014) e109500.
  18. D. Ntwali, B.A. Ogwang, V. Ongoma, The impacts of topography on spatial and temporal rainfall distribution over Rwanda based on WRF model, Atmos. Clim. Sci., 6 (2016) 145.
  19. H. Nsengimana, R. Rulinda, Contribution à l’étude des paramètres physico-chimiques des eaux des principales rivières des bassins du Nil et du Congo au Rwanda, Mémoire, Butare UNR, 2001.
  20. U.S.G.S (USGS), U.S. Geological Survey Earthexplorer (ee) Tool, Available at: http://www.earthexplorer.usgs.gov/.
  21. R.E. Hecky, H.A. Bootsma, M.L. Kingdon, Impact of land use on sediment and nutrient yields to Lake Malawi/Nyasa (Africa), J. Great Lakes Res., 29 (2003) 139–158.
  22. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, Vol. 2, American Public Health Association, 1915.
  23. AOAC, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Official Methods of Analysis, 16th edn., AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, March 1998 revision, 1998.
  24. APHA, AWWA, WPCF, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, 1981.
  25. R. Shokuhi, E. Hosinzadeh, G. Roshanaei, M. Alipour, S. Hoseinzadeh, Evaluation of Aydughmush dam reservoir water quality by National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSF-WQI) and water quality parameter changes, Iran. J. Health Environ., 4 (2012) 439–450.
  26. A. Said, D.K. Stevens, G. Sehlke, An innovative index for evaluating water quality in streams, Environ. Manage., 34 (2004) 406–414.
  27. P. Samantray, B.K. Mishra, C.R. Panda, S.P. Rout, Assessment of water quality index in Mahanadi and Atharabanki rivers and Taldanda canal in Paradip area, India. J. Hum. Ecol., 26 (2009) 153–161.
  28. S.-M. Liou, S.-L. Lo, S.-H. Wang, A generalized water quality index for Taiwan, Environ. Monit. Assess., 96 (2004) 35–52.
  29. M. Wills, K.N. Irvine, Application of the national sanitation foundation water quality index in Cazenovia Creek, NY, pilot watershed management project, Middle States Geogr., 1996 (1996) 95–104.
  30. A. Ghorbani, M. Mohammadi, Z. Mohammadi, Water Quality Evaluation of Torghabeh River of Mashhad Using Combination of NSFWQI Index and Geographic Information System, Int. J. Adv. Biol. Biomed. Res., 2 (2014) 2416–2430.
  31. G. Cecchi, M. Munafò, F. Baiocco, P. Andreani, L. Mancini, Estimating river pollution from diffuse sources in the Viterbo province using the potential non-point pollution index, Ann. Ist. Super. Sanità, 43 (2006) 295–301.
  32. C.-H. Chen, W.-L. Liu, H.-G. Leu, Sustainable water quality management framework and a strategy planning system for a river basin, Environ. Manage., 38 (2006) 952–973.
  33. Y.-C. Chen, H.-C. Yeh, C. Wei, Estimation of river pollution index in a tidal stream using kriging analysis, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 9 (2012) 3085–3100.
  34. E. Hoseinzadeh, H. Khorsandi, C. Wei, M. Alipour, Evaluation of Aydughmush River water quality using the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI), River Pollution Index (RPI), and Forestry Water Quality Index (FWQI), Desal. Wat. Treat., 54 (2015) 2994–3002.
  35. B. Basnet, A. Vodacek, Tracking land use/land cover dynamics in cloud prone areas using moderate resolution satellite data: a case study in Central Africa, Remote Sens., 7 (2015) 6683–6709.
  36. J.R. Otukei, T. Blaschke, Land cover change assessment using decision trees, support vector machines and maximum likelihood classification algorithms, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf., 12 (2010) S27–S31.
  37. F. Karamage, H. Shao, X. Chen, F. Ndayisaba, L. Nahayo, A. Kayiranga, J.K. Omifolaji, T. Liu, C. Zhang, Deforestation effects on soil erosion in the Lake Kivu basin, DR Congo-Rwanda, Forests, 7 (2016) 281.
  38. A. Akgün, A.H. Eronat, N. Türk, Comparing Different Satellite Image Classification Methods: An Application in Ayvalik District, Western Turkey, The 4th International Congress for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Istanbul, Turkey, 2004.
  39. D. Feng, Y. Zhao, L. Yu, C. Li, J. Wang, N. Clinton, Y. Bai, A. Belward, Z. Zhu, P. Gong, Circa 2014 African land-cover maps compatible with FROM-GLC and GLC2000 classification schemes based on multi-seasonal Landsat data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 37 (2016) 4648–4664.
  40. J. Hong, M. Felix, Y. Son, L. Kim, Comparison of physicochemical characteristics of sediments from different land use types, Desal. Wat. Treat., 54 (2015) 3704–3711.
  41. S. Memon, M.C. Paule, S.-J. Park, B.-Y. Lee, S. Kang, R. Umer, C.-H. Lee, Monitoring of land use change impact on stormwater runoff and pollutant loading estimation in Yongin watershed Korea, Desal. Wat. Treat., 51 (2013) 4088–4096.
  42. M.C.A. Paule, J.-R.S. Ventura, S. Memon, B.-Y. Lee, D. Jahng, M.-J. Kang, C.-H. Lee, Fecal contamination in Yongin watershed: association to land use and land cover and stormwater quality, Desal. Wat. Treat., 53 (2015) 3026–3038.
  43. M. Chawira, Monitoring Blue-green Algae in the IJsselmeer Using Remote Sensing and In-situ Measurements, Enschede, University of Twente, The Netherlands, 2012.
  44. T.S. Shon, S.D. Kim, E.Y. Cho, J.Y. Im, K.S. Min, H.S. Shin, Estimation of NPS pollutant properties based on SWMM modeling according to land use change in urban area, Desal. Wat. Treat., 38 (2012) 267–275.
  45. M. Li, P. Guo, X. Liu, G. Huang, Z. Huo, A decision-support system for cropland irrigation water management and agricultural non-point sources pollution control, Desal. Wat. Treat., 52 (2014) 5106–5117.
  46. F. Karamage, C. Zhang, X. Fang, T. Liu, F. Ndayisaba, L. Nahayo, A. Kayiranga, J.B. Nsengiyumva, Modeling rainfallrunoff response to land use and land cover change in Rwanda (1990–2016), Water, 9 (2017) 147.
  47. M.J. De la Paix, L. Lanhai, G. Jiwen, H.J. de Dieu, H. Gabriel, N. Jean, B. Innocent, Radical terraces in Rwanda, East Afr. J. Sci. Technol., 1 (2012) 53–58.
  48. UNDP, Work for Human Development: Briefing Note for Countries on the 2015 Human Development Report: Rwanda, United Nations Development Program, 2015, p. 7.
  49. E.L. Witt, C.D. Barton, J.W. Stringer, R.K. Kolka, M.A. Cherry, Influence of variable streamside management zone configurations on water quality after forest harvest, J. For., 114 (2016) 41–51.
  50. N.E. Detenbeck, C.A. Johnston, G.J. Niemi, Wetland effects on lake water quality in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area, Landscape Ecol., 8 (1993) 39–61.
  51. H. Chang, Spatial analysis of water quality trends in the Han River basin, South Korea, Water Res., 42 (2008) 3285–3304.
  52. J. De Vos, V. Van Acker, F. Witlox, Urban sprawl: neighbourhood dissatisfaction and urban preferences. Some evidence from Flanders, Urban Geogr., 37 (2016) 839–862.
  53. J. Punter, The Vancouver Achievement: Urban Planning and Design, UBC Press, 2010.
  54. H. Bu, W. Meng, Y. Zhang, J. Wan, Relationships between land use patterns and water quality in the Taizi River basin, China, Ecol. Indic., 41 (2014) 187–197.
  55. J. Huang, J. Zhan, H. Yan, F. Wu, X. Deng, Evaluation of the impacts of land use on water quality: a case study in the Chaohu Lake basin, Sci. World J., 2013 (2013) 1–7.